False promise of genetically modified crops

Posted 31 October 2016 by

The Times is more polite than I am; today it ran an article Doubts about the promised bounty of genetically modified crops, by Danny Hakim. Well, I read the article and looked more closely at the supporting material, Broken promises of genetically modified crops, by Karl Russell and Danny Hakim, and I frankly have no doubts. As Mr. Hakim writes,

An analysis by The Times using United Nations data showed that the United States and Canada have gained no discernible advantage in yields — food per acre — when measured against Western Europe, a region with comparably modernized agricultural producers like France and Germany. Also, a recent National Academy of Sciences report found that "there was little evidence" that the introduction of genetically modified crops in the United States had led to yield gains beyond those seen in conventional crops. At the same time, herbicide use has increased in the United States, even as major crops like corn, soybeans and cotton have been converted to modified varieties. And the United States has fallen behind Europe's biggest producer, France, in reducing the overall use of pesticides, which includes both herbicides and insecticides.

In addition, Mr. Hakim notes that

the use of toxins that kill insects and fungi has fallen by a third, but the spraying of herbicides, which are used in much higher volumes, has risen by 21 percent. By contrast, in France, use of insecticides and fungicides has fallen by a far greater percentage — 65 percent — and herbicide use has decreased as well, by 36 percent.

Monsanto said in a statement,

While overall herbicide use may be increasing in some areas where farmers are following best practices to manage emerging weed issues, farmers in other areas with different circumstances may have decreased or maintained their herbicide usage [my italics].

Or they may have increased or maintained their herbicide usage. One of the striking features in the supporting information, which is all graphical, is the graph of "Sugar beet crop yield." Sugar beet yield increased markedly more in Western Europe, where GMO's are not used, than in the United States. Perhaps more strikingly, the graph shows not the slightest hint of an increase in yield in the United States after GMO's were introduced. I am by no means an expert, and i do not mind if they want to genetically modify a tomato so that it will grow in a desert. But I have always been suspicious of GMO's such as Roundup Ready corn, largely because of the problem of resistant pests evolving, and indeed Mr. Hakim notes,

Growing resistance to Roundup is reviving old, and contentious, chemicals. One is 2,4-D, an ingredient in Agent Orange, [whose] potential risks have long divided scientists and have alarmed advocacy groups.

Despite the gratuitous reference to Agent Orange, Mr. Hakim's article is mostly dispassionate and very thorough, and I suggest you read it for yourself, and also look closely at the supporting information.

41 Comments

PaulBC · 31 October 2016

I believe GMO crops could potentially lead to improvements in food production, and would like to see it happen. But in this case the incentives are obviously wrong. What we've seen so far is mostly a scheme to lock farmers into corporate licensing agreements and dependence on particular herbicides. It has nothing to do with improving the quality of cultivars in a way that makes sense to the consumer or addresses the basic problem of feeding people.

Daniel Dittmar · 31 October 2016

There's an elaborate reply to the article at http://weedcontrolfreaks.com/2016/10/the-tiresome-discussion-of-initial-gmo-expectations/

Michael Fugate · 31 October 2016

A counter-argument by a confirmed nozzle-head. Here is list of funders for his research from a linked article
Funding has been provided to the University of Wyoming from the following organizations in support of Dr. Kniss's research and education program, either through unrestricted gifts, research contracts, or grants: Arysta LifeScience, BASF, Bayer CropScience, Dow AgroSciences, DuPont, FMC, Hatch Act Funds – USDA, Loveland Industries, Monsanto, NovaSource, Repar Corporation, StateLine Bean Cooperative, Syngenta, USDA National Insitute for Food and Agriculture (sic), University of Wyoming Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming School of Energy Resources, Valent, Western Sugar Cooperative, Winfield Solutions, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Wyoming Crop Improvement Association, Wyoming Department of Agriculture, and Wyoming Seed Certification. Dr. Kniss currently serves as Member at Large on the Weed Science Society of America Board of Directors.

DS · 31 October 2016

Daniel Dittmar said: There's an elaborate reply to the article at http://weedcontrolfreaks.com/2016/10/the-tiresome-discussion-of-initial-gmo-expectations/
Thanks for the link. It would seem that the situation is more complex than it appears and defies simple analysis. None the less, why are there no good comparable data sets, considering the time and effort spent and the consequences of poor decision making in this field? You would think that somebody would want to do a rigorous analysis. The fact that no one seems to be able to make a convincing case might mean that both sides are afraid of the answer they might get.

eric · 31 October 2016

Michael Fugate said: A counter-argument by a confirmed nozzle-head. Here is list of funders for his research from a linked article
Funding has been provided to the University of Wyoming from the following organizations in support of Dr. Kniss's research and education program, either through unrestricted gifts, research contracts, or grants: Arysta LifeScience, BASF, Bayer CropScience, Dow AgroSciences, DuPont, FMC, Hatch Act Funds – USDA, Loveland Industries, Monsanto, NovaSource, Repar Corporation, StateLine Bean Cooperative, Syngenta, USDA National Insitute for Food and Agriculture (sic), University of Wyoming Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming School of Energy Resources, Valent, Western Sugar Cooperative, Winfield Solutions, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Wyoming Crop Improvement Association, Wyoming Department of Agriculture, and Wyoming Seed Certification. Dr. Kniss currently serves as Member at Large on the Weed Science Society of America Board of Directors.
I don't know much about Ag research, but to me that's a suspiciously long list of sponsors. Its more typical in chem/physics to perform research under one or maybe three grants at the outside. Maybe I'm just being paranoid, but it almost looks like the author is trying to hide the 90% contributor in amongst a large number of minor contributors.

Michael Fugate · 31 October 2016

Many of the ag-scientists are bought and pay for by Monsanto and Dow, such as David Shaw at MSU who is quoted in the piece on the Weed Society web page (which claims to be a non-profit).
http://wssa.net/2016/07/scientists-say-herbicide-resistance-predates-genetically-engineered-crops-by-40-years/

and reported in the NYTimes
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/06/us/document-shaw.html

DavidK · 31 October 2016

Companies that support this issue are reaping the benefits like a stick of Doublemint gum, double your flavor, double you pleasure, i.e., they sell and monopolize on the GMO seeds they make as well as make a bundle on the herbicides/pesticides they likewise market. And should a farmer accidently find the GMO crops in their fields because of cross fertilization with another's field, these companies will sue and force the farmer to buy/use only the new GMO seed. Fewer and fewer fields contain non-GMO crops. Should a blight like the potato blight strike, there go the crops. I think it was the dvd Food.Inc that discussed this.

clinker · 31 October 2016

I recommend reading today’s post on Steven Novella's Neurologica Blog on the same NYT article. He is less generous to the NYT than Matt Young.
http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/the-times-gets-it-wrong-on-gmos/

KlausH · 31 October 2016

Sugar beets? Seriously? It is a crop that is negligible in the U.S. . It would have made just as much sense to compare sugar cane yields in the U.S. to sugar cane in Western Europe.

Just Bob · 31 October 2016

KlausH said: Sugar beets? Seriously? It is a crop that is negligible in the U.S. . It would have made just as much sense to compare sugar cane yields in the U.S. to sugar cane in Western Europe.
USDA:

Annual cash receipts. Cash receipts for U.S. sugar growers vary with sugar yields and prices. Cash receipts for sugar beets were $2.442 billion in the 2014/15 crop year and $2.956 billion in the 2015/16 crop year. Sugarcane cash receipts were $985 million in the 2014/15 crop year and $1.075 billion in the 2015/16 crop year.

Maybe ~$3 billion/year is "negligible", but if that's the most profitable crop that will grow on your land, and if the only seed you can get is GMO, how that affects your bottom line is not an issue you will neglect.

Matt Young · 31 October 2016

He is less generous to the NYT than Matt Young.

Hey! I try to be nice to everyone.

Here is list of funders for his research from a linked article[.]

I read Dr. Novella's article and also Prof. Kniss's. A quotation I picked up somewhere says, approximately, "Tell me the source of the money, and I will tell you the outcome of the research." Bit of an overstatement, and I do not think Prof. Kniss should be indicted just because he receives funding from the industry. Maybe he gets funding because of what he thinks, not the other way round. At any rate, the Times article will be influential whether anyone likes it or not. As for me, in these debates, where I lack the expertise, I always feel like I agree with the person who spoke last. In this case, that is Dr. Novella, but I remain uneasy about GMO's, like Roundup Ready corn, that may well breed pesticide-resistant weeds.

ashleyhr · 31 October 2016

Another, different, perspective:
http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/the-times-gets-it-wrong-on-gmos/

ashleyhr · 31 October 2016

PS Just seen that someone else beat me to it (sorry for duplication).

ashleyhr · 31 October 2016

PS I also commented briefly under that Neurological Blog entry.

PaulBC · 1 November 2016

I think what I found most compelling in the whole article was this paragraph:
To some, this outcome was predictable. The whole point of engineering bug-resistant plants “was to reduce insecticide use, and it did,” said Joseph Kovach, a retired Ohio State University researcher who studied the environmental risks of pesticides. But the goal of herbicide-resistant seeds was to “sell more product,” he said — more herbicide.
Roundup Ready is a successful marketing concept, not a boon to humanity, and shouldn't be mistaken for one. On the other hand, this does not rule out the possibility that GMOs could solve real problems if the incentives were there. I think there is so much room for disagreement because we're arguing over a second order effect. The kind of GMOs now available just don't make a huge difference, as experience in Europe shows.

EmilSkeptic · 1 November 2016

Dr. Young seems to take his information from a newspaper article written by a journalist without any relevant scientific background instead of an informed look at the scientific literature and states that he has "no doubts" about the material he just read. I am fairy certain that if someone had done this, but with intelligent design creationism instead of anti-GMO activists, Dr. Young would rightly point out the problems with this approach.

Dr. Young seems primarily concerned with pest resistance, but this has nothing to do with GM technology as such and it is not specific to GM applications. Resistances occurs in conventional agriculture as well, but you do not see Dr. Young opposing that. In conventional agriculture, farmers just switch herbicide when resistance develops and no one bats an eye.

The key message here is that glyphosate (where the patent expired in early 2000s) has enabled farmers to use a much less dangerous herbicide instead of the more dangerous herbicides that were used before. It is therefore surprising that Dr. Young seems concerned about 2,4-D in future GM applications, when this and more dangerous herbicides are regularly used in conventional agriculture.

Why merely focus on Europe? Why not globally like actual researchers have done? The Klümper and Qaim meta-analysis shows "GM technology adoption has reduced chemical pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmer profits by 68%." Why cherry-pick individual European countries instead of looking at a larger dataset?

References and further reading:

Klümper, W., and Qaim, M. (2014). A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops. PLoS ONE, 9(11), e111629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111629

Lemaux, P. G. (2008). Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist’s Analysis of the Issues (Part I). Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 771-812.

Lemaux, P. G. (2009). Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part II). Annual Review of Plant Biology, 60(1), 511-559.

National Research Council. (2010). Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. National Academy Press.

Palaeonictis · 2 November 2016

Michael Fugate said: A counter-argument by a confirmed nozzle-head. Here is list of funders for his research from a linked article
Funding has been provided to the University of Wyoming from the following organizations in support of Dr. Kniss's research and education program, either through unrestricted gifts, research contracts, or grants: Arysta LifeScience, BASF, Bayer CropScience, Dow AgroSciences, DuPont, FMC, Hatch Act Funds – USDA, Loveland Industries, Monsanto, NovaSource, Repar Corporation, StateLine Bean Cooperative, Syngenta, USDA National Insitute for Food and Agriculture (sic), University of Wyoming Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming School of Energy Resources, Valent, Western Sugar Cooperative, Winfield Solutions, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Wyoming Crop Improvement Association, Wyoming Department of Agriculture, and Wyoming Seed Certification. Dr. Kniss currently serves as Member at Large on the Weed Science Society of America Board of Directors.
Wow, another corporate shill. There is always an expert for hire, no matter the truth of the matter.

Peter Moritz · 2 November 2016

Matt,

GMO’s such as Roundup Ready corn, largely because of the problem of resistant pests evolving, and indeed Mr. Hakim notes,"

get your terminology straight. Round up as a herbicide cannot produce resistant pests.
To note there as of now is no evidence available other than some very biased and unreliable studies that roundup is cancer inducing. Not even an LD 50 for roundup has yet been determined:

" The acute oral LD50 in the rat is 5,600 mg/kg. Other oral LD50 values for glyphosate are 1,538 to greater than 10,000 mg/kg for mice, rabbits mg/kg, and goats" http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu

"Carcinogenic Effects
Rats and dogs and mice fed glyphosate over a wide range of doses showed no cancer related effects directly due to the compound (4). EPA has stated that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that glyphosate is not carcinogenic in humans (8)."

/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/glyphosate-ext.html

Matt Young · 2 November 2016

Just for the record, Merriam-Webster defines a pest as "a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock production)."

MaskedQuoll · 2 November 2016

but the spraying of herbicides, which are used in much higher volumes, has risen by 21 percent. ... Growing resistance to Roundup is reviving old, and contentious, chemicals. One is 2,4-D, an ingredient in Agent Orange, [whose] potential risks have long divided scientists and have alarmed advocacy groups.
Could the author please decide whether all herbicides are equivalent or not? In the first statement, they are all lumped together. If glyphosate usage has gone up over the last two decades with a corresponding reduction in 2,4-D, I would call that a good thing. I do not think the numbers for glyphosate and 2,4-D should be indiscriminately mingled, since I agree with the second quote about the dangers of 2,4-D, whereas glyphosate seems to be one of the safest chemicals mankind has produced.

Joel Eissenberg · 3 November 2016

Another critique here:

http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2016/11/how-mislead-statistics-gmo-crops-edition#disqus_thread

eric · 3 November 2016

Joel Eissenberg said: Another critique here: http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2016/11/how-mislead-statistics-gmo-crops-edition#disqus_thread
Nice article, however even the 'raw numbers' look that the author recommends does not indicate GM-ing crops helps. The first commercial (vs. test) GM crops came to the US market in the mid 1990s, so the author's raw numbers chart show the relevant period when the introduction of GM crops should have caused lower fungicide and pesticide use in the US...and it doesn't. I agree with the author's point that the country differences in raw numbers probably have a lot of cofounding factors that make a country-by-country comparison useless. However, the point remains that within the US, the beginning and subsequent growth in use of GM crops does not correlate with any reduction in herbicide or fungicide use.

ashleyhr · 3 November 2016

I wanted to comment briefly on this but can see NO comment box:
http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2016/11/creationist-cla.html#more
A while ago I referred to YEC responses to Yutyrannus huali at the British Centre for Science Education community forum (unfortunately the site is currently down so I cannot be more specific than this link:
http://www.forums.bcseweb.org.uk/)
As for Homo naledi, with AiG at least they say 'not' Homo, 'not' human, 'must' be ape, ignoring that if Australopithecine then it was not 'ape' but hominin.

ashleyhr · 3 November 2016

I wanted to comment briefly on this but can see NO comment box:
http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2016/11/creationist-cla.html#more
A while ago I referred to YEC responses to Yutyrannus huali at the British Centre for Science Education community forum (unfortunately the site is currently down so I cannot be more specific than this link:
http://www.forums.bcseweb.org.uk/)
As for Homo naledi, with AiG at least they say 'not' Homo, 'not' human, 'must' be ape, ignoring that if Australopithecine then it was not 'ape' but hominin.

If you are going to remove the above comment again, please can it be placed under the article (by Jonathan Kane) that I was attempting to comment on? Thank you.

ashleyhr · 3 November 2016

Sorry - just now I could not see my comment and thought it had been removed.

TomS · 3 November 2016

ashleyhr said: Sorry - just now I could not see my comment and thought it had been removed.
Many people have had a problem where a comment is delayed. I found that it is best that I wait several minutes after submitting a comment.

Matt Young · 3 November 2016

I wanted to comment briefly on this but can see NO comment box: http://pandasthumb.org/archives/201[…]la.html#more

Try again -- I have turned comments on (but, as I warned, a bug may turn them off again).

Matt Young · 3 November 2016

Another critique here:

Thanks to everyone who posted a link! I solemnly promise to read every one of them that I can acquire without incurring an exorbitant charge, but not before mid-December, when the term ends. And I will also be more careful when reading the redoubtable New York Times, which may not always be as redoubtable as I think it is.

Geol777 · 3 November 2016

I will strongly second Clinker's recommendation to read Dr. Steven Novella's blog posts concerning GMOs (he has written extensively on the subject). The bottom line that I get from reading his blog (and other similar credible science blogs eg Kevin Folta) is that the anti-GMOers are essentially an anti-science cult using all the same brain-dead techniques that creationists indulge in, including disdain of peer-review in scientific literature (because it's all controlled by Monsanto of course). The anti-GMO fantasy is almost entirely based on propaganda, lies and misinformation; unfortunately too much of the public buys the lie at face value.

http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/anti-gmo-propaganda/#more-7634

eric · 4 November 2016

Geol777 said: I will strongly second Clinker's recommendation to read Dr. Steven Novella's blog posts concerning GMOs (he has written extensively on the subject)... http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/anti-gmo-propaganda/#more-7634
I'll read it when I can, but my initial response is that a critique about observed efficacy is not the same thing as a knee-jerk fear about safety. I don't fear GMOs and I don't mind if companies develop them, but just like with anything other product, I'd suggest taking the producer's opinion of the wonderfulness of their own product with some skepticism. I don't fear driving an Audi, nor do I even give credence to the lawsuit-driven hype about their transmissions shifting into reverse. However, I'm also not going to necessarily take Audi's opinion or rely on Audi-published data to decide which is the best car for me to buy. The same would be true for Monsanto and so on.

alicejohn · 4 November 2016

I am a backyard beekeeper in Maryland. A few years ago, several members of the local club got into a discussion about Monsanto. Needless to say, Monsanto was taking a beating. However, one member of the club was also a part time farmer with another full time job. He said that he would not be able to profitably farm if it were not for Monsanto GMO seeds. The fact he does not have to cultivate and spray pesticides is the difference between profit and loss. His only complaint was the very high cost of the seed. He had to eventually stop posting because people's comments on his actual experiences were not very civil. Sound familiar?

One other thought. My grandfather was a farmer on one of the creeks of a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in the 1970's. After severe rain storms, the creek would be as muddy as any mud hole you have ever seen from sediment run off. The sediment came from loose soil caused by cultivation. Obviously, chemicals in the soil went into the water too. Since GMO crops do not require cultivation and pesticides are not applied, sediment and chemical runoff have been significantly reduced.

Michael Fugate · 4 November 2016

Anecdotes are not much evidence. And there are other ways than no till + herbicide to prevent erosion. Contour plowing + buffer zones - wind breaks for one. Also promoting undisturbed areas around fields enhance insect diversity which is important in biological control and pollination. Glyphosphate is relatively safe for humans, but not so to many plants and bacteria (milkweed and monarchs, may be one effect). These studies often externalize costs to realize benefits.

GM technology alone is not the issue - it is the corporate model that goes along with an expensive technology that is the issue.

DS · 4 November 2016

Michael Fugate said: Anecdotes are not much evidence. And there are other ways than no till + herbicide to prevent erosion. Contour plowing + buffer zones - wind breaks for one. Also promoting undisturbed areas around fields enhance insect diversity which is important in biological control and pollination. Glyphosphate is relatively safe for humans, but not so to many plants and bacteria (milkweed and monarchs, may be one effect). These studies often externalize costs to realize benefits. GM technology alone is not the issue - it is the corporate model that goes along with an expensive technology that is the issue.
I completely agree. So let's not judge GMOs based solely on the corporate model.

ashleyhr · 4 November 2016

The comment facility under the Kane post has vanished again. I would be grateful if someone could either resolve the bug or post my comment sho0wn here under that blog or inform Mr Kane of my comment here.

Viz (now edited):
A while ago I referred to YEC responses to Yutyrannus huali at the British Centre for Science Education community forum: http://www.forums.bcseweb.org.uk/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=2955&hilit=yutyrannus (in fact AiG have seemingly agreed that this species was a dinosaur)
As for Homo naledi, with AiG at least they say ‘not’ Homo, ‘not’ human, ‘must’ be ape, ignoring that if Australopithecine then it was not ‘ape’ but hominin.

ashleyhr · 4 November 2016

Typos corrected.

The comment facility under the Kane post has vanished again. I would be grateful if someone could either resolve the bug or post my comment shown here under that blog or inform Mr Kane of my comment here.

Viz (now edited): A while ago I referred to YEC responses to Yutyrannus huali at the British Centre for Science Education community forum: http://www.forums.bcseweb.org.uk/vi[…]t=yutyrannus (in fact AiG have seemingly agreed that this species was a dinosaur) As for Homo naledi, with AiG at least they say ‘not’ Homo, ‘not’ human, ‘must’ be ape, ignoring that if Australopithecine then it was not ‘ape’ but hominin.

ashleyhr · 4 November 2016

NB BCSE link does work OK in the first version immediately above.

ashleyhr · 4 November 2016

Typos corrected AND BCSE link restored ...

The comment facility under the Kane post has vanished again. I would be grateful if someone could either resolve the bug or post my comment sho0wn here under that blog or inform Mr Kane of my comment here.

Viz (now edited): A while ago I referred to YEC responses to Yutyrannus huali at the British Centre for Science Education community forum: http://www.forums.bcseweb.org.uk/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=2955&hilit=yutyrannus (in fact AiG have seemingly agreed that this species was a dinosaur). As for Homo naledi, with AiG at least they say ‘not’ Homo, ‘not’ human, ‘must’ be ape, ignoring that if Australopithecine then it was not ‘ape’ but hominin.

ashleyhr · 4 November 2016

Typos corrected AND BCSE link restored (second attempt) …

The comment facility under the Kane post has vanished again. I would be grateful if someone could either resolve the bug or post my comment shown here under that blog or inform Mr Kane of my comment here.

Viz (now edited): A while ago I referred to YEC responses to Yutyrannus huali at the British Centre for Science Education community forum: http://www.forums.bcseweb.org.uk/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=2955&hilit=yutyrannus (in fact AiG have seemingly agreed that this species was a dinosaur). As for Homo naledi, with AiG at least they say ‘not’ Homo, ‘not’ human, ‘must’ be ape, ignoring that if Australopithecine then it was not ‘ape’ but hominin.

Matt Young · 4 November 2016

As ashleyhr has abundantly noted, there is something wrong with the "Leave a comment" box in the theropod entry, immediately following this one. The dashboard shows comments to be turned on, but there is no comment box at the bottom of the entry. I have reported the problem to the webmaster, and that is about all I can do from here.

Malcolm · 4 November 2016

Geol777 said: I will strongly second Clinker's recommendation to read Dr. Steven Novella's blog posts concerning GMOs (he has written extensively on the subject). The bottom line that I get from reading his blog (and other similar credible science blogs eg Kevin Folta) is that the anti-GMOers are essentially an anti-science cult using all the same brain-dead techniques that creationists indulge in, including disdain of peer-review in scientific literature (because it's all controlled by Monsanto of course). The anti-GMO fantasy is almost entirely based on propaganda, lies and misinformation; unfortunately too much of the public buys the lie at face value. http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/anti-gmo-propaganda/#more-7634
What's more, they are the reason that Monsanto monopolises the GMO market. Monsanto loves it when they ensure that governments add yet another level of red tape. No one in academia, who come up with ideas that might be beneficial without producing huge profits, can get any funding. What is the point of producing salt tolerant crops that will never be approved for human consumption?

ashleyhr · 5 November 2016

"As ashleyhr has abundantly noted, there is something wrong with the “Leave a comment” box in the theropod entry, immediately following this one. The dashboard shows comments to be turned on, but there is no comment box at the bottom of the entry. I have reported the problem to the webmaster, and that is about all I can do from here."

Thanks. Since I last looked at the Kane post, eight new comments have been added underneath (including Matt helpfully flagging what I said in this thread). Yet - once again - right now I (in the UK not the US) can see NO comment box under the article. Not that I wished to add any further comment - I note the response by Mr Kane to my words with interest (and agreement).