The Sensuous Curmudgeon lays it on creationism
One of my favorite bloggers is The Sensuous Curmudgeon. He exemplifies the holy writ of curmudgeonhood, "The Curmudgeon's Handbook," a compendium of extracts from historical curmudgeons (Mencken was prominent among them) that I read more than four decades ago and can no longer find. I can only dream of aspiring to the heights SC regularly reaches. He recently vented about creationism in a post titled The Curmudgeon's Guide to Creation Science. (Well, he actually vents regularly, but this one is a keeper.) Highly recommended!
233 Comments
https://me.yahoo.com/a/JxVN0eQFqtmgoY7wC1cZM44ET_iAanxHQmLgYgX_Zhn8#57cad · 20 May 2012
Creationists don't follow the evidence, they try to explain it away.
Except when they either ignore evidence and/or its implications, that it. True, similarity doesn't necessarily imply common ancestry, it's the sort of similarities that we actually find in life that confirm evolutionary predictions, and that creationists themselves accept so long as it isn't the sort of "macroevolution" that they neither allow nor can determine using the evidence. You'd think that the difference between evolution and design would be rather noticeable, in fact, while for them the two quite different processes blend seamlessly until fake probabilities supposedly tease them apart.
IDiots are every bit as good as ignoring that inconvenient fact as any other creationists.
Glen Davidson
Paul Burnett · 20 May 2012
There are lots of talking points in the Sensuous Curmudgeon's article which can be used by voters who want to ask embarassing questions for Rethuglican candidates at every level, from dog-catcher and school board races to Congressional and Presidential races. The long-running Rethuglican War On Science(TM) has brought all sorts of scientifically illiterate fundagelical ignoramuses out of the woodwork, and their willful ignorance should be exposed at every opportunity. As we get closer to the November elections, Americans who care about science should become informed about the candidates' positions and ask them questions to expose their ignorance. Between now and then, of course, we can practice on our loyal opposition, our resident science deniers and fundagelical trolls.
SensuousCurmudgeon · 20 May 2012
If I may return the compliment, Richard, this could be your best post ever.
Tenncrain · 20 May 2012
John_S · 20 May 2012
It's not just that creationists come up with ad hoc hypotheses to justify their views. It's that they never attempt rationally to test those hypotheses or even to reconcile one ad hoc hypothesis with another. On the rare occasion that they do, they discover they're wrong and abandon the idea. A good example is the "ice canopy" hypothesis: In an attempt to explain where the water from the Flood came from, some creationists hypothesized a shell of ice surrounding the planet, which came down in the form of rain. A creationist then did some actual calculations of the effect of such a canopy and concluded that the greenhouse effect of such a canopy would make the earth more like Venus. As a result, this has joined Ken Ham's list of "arguments we shouldn't use". Needless to say, they've since invented a scriptural reference that allows them to abandon the idea (Psalms 148:4 says "waters above the heavens", so it couldn't be ice), although this doesn't explain why "waters above the heavens" wouldn't have the same greenhouse effect as "ice above the heavens". Don't hold your breath waiting for a creationist to test that idea.
When has a creationist taken the "speed of light changed" or "radioactive decay has changed" hypotheses and followed the implications on other implied physical phenomena to test it? To take a simple example, a change in the speed of light would change the De Broglie wavelengths of elemental particles. Has any creationist examined the physical consequences of this?
Bill Dembski suggested that he does the same thing SETI did. But SETI didn't look for some signal that might be "intelligently designed" and then say "Ahah! there's intelligent life out there!" They proceeded to try to disprove the "intelligently designed" hypothesis by asking if there's a natural explanation. The result in one case was the discovery of quasars. Dembski would presumably still be running around claiming he found intelligent life and attacking the "quasar theory", because he doesn't "stress test" his hypotheses.
garystar1 · 20 May 2012
TomS · 21 May 2012
harold · 21 May 2012
SensuousCurmudgeon · 21 May 2012
Carl Drews · 21 May 2012
There are different words in ancient Hebrew for "water" and "ice" and "snow":
Water is mayim Strong's Concordance H4325:
http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H4325
Ice is qerach Strong's H7140:
http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H7140
Snow is sheleg Strong's H7950:
http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H7950
Snow is what King David gets to be washed whiter than.
Psalm 148:4 refers to liquid water:
Psa 148:4 Praise 1984 him, ye heavens 8064 of heavens 8064, and ye waters4325 that [be] above the heavens 8064.
Swimmy · 21 May 2012
gmartincv · 21 May 2012
Richard B. Hoppe · 21 May 2012
harold · 21 May 2012
Robin · 21 May 2012
I read stuff by creationists and it immediately reminds me of the types of arguments that went on between the Sadducees and the Pharisees. I have no doubts that creationists would angrily denounce God for completely misunderstanding and mischaracterizing the words in the bible.
John_S · 21 May 2012
Robert Byers · 22 May 2012
As a YEC i see just the same old accusations that don't work in the modern world.
Its fine to assume a witness origins. The bible has and is been seen this way.
In fact in any history of about conclusions on origins they always stress they beat the bible on evidence.
Not about overthrowing the premise of revealed religion first.
So on the evidence.
Ken Ham, a very effective and notable modern creationist by any measure, is right in stressing origin subjects are not observable and so investigating them is not like regular subjects.
Ones presumptions matter more and distort things.
We say evolution and company don't prove their case and show us we are wrong.
The linked commentator here demonstrates the poverty of evidence for the conclusions about evolution.
a short list of unrelated subjects to biological conclusions.
Past and gone events and processes really do demand careful and strict attention to evidence since the conclusions are not testable or repeatable by any simple understanding of these terms.
Creation science is as much/or little scientific as evolutionism etc.
Figuring great things out from limited data.
Its not just genesis but great Christianity one is dealing with here about truth of origins of the universe.
Rolf · 22 May 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/57vt.Vh1yeasb_9YKQq4GyYNFhAbTpY-#b1375 · 22 May 2012
I love your last two posts, Sensuous Curmudgeon! Maybe you can tackle next University of Chicago microbiologist James Shapiro, who, at HuffPo, seems determined to act like a DI clone, claiming that it is okay for him to post at a DI website when none of his colleagues would dare consent to it.
John Kwok
P. S. What is the matter with the PT Facebook login?
harold · 22 May 2012
DS · 22 May 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/57vt.Vh1yeasb_9YKQq4GyYNFhAbTpY-#b1375 · 22 May 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/57vt.Vh1yeasb_9YKQq4GyYNFhAbTpY-#b1375 · 22 May 2012
SensuousCurmudgeon · 22 May 2012
harold · 22 May 2012
Paul Burnett · 22 May 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/57vt.Vh1yeasb_9YKQq4GyYNFhAbTpY-#b1375 · 22 May 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/57vt.Vh1yeasb_9YKQq4GyYNFhAbTpY-#b1375 · 22 May 2012
harold · 22 May 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/57vt.Vh1yeasb_9YKQq4GyYNFhAbTpY-#b1375 · 22 May 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/57vt.Vh1yeasb_9YKQq4GyYNFhAbTpY-#b1375 · 22 May 2012
harold,
Here's a representative example of the kind of nonsense I've had to contend with from Shapiro. (Not only me, but others who have been critical of him too.):
"Lemmingroom,
"Welcome to the blogosphere where too many folks like John feel entitled to show how uncivil they can be. As my wife pointed out, it is almost all guys, not gals."
"On behalf of my blog, I apologize. If you look carefully, I think you'll see that I am also subject to a lot of abuse and misrepresentation."
"This kind of uncivil discourse is the price we have to pay for using the internet to communicate with other people. Think of it as a kind of purification ritual."
"I have to assume that blogging and commenting is worthwhile because many people who do not comment nonetheless read and learn. It's the ones who seem to be incapable of learning who bloviate the most."
"But then serious people like you also show up. That's why I expressed my appreciation for what you are doing. The more we can say in favor of letting people know the facts rather than just expert opinions, the better our society will be."
This is in response to this teacher's observation that he teaches high school biology without using the word "evolution", even if he does teach, for example, some aspects of Natural Selection.
Frank J · 22 May 2012
SLC · 22 May 2012
harold · 22 May 2012
John_S · 22 May 2012
Robert Byers · 23 May 2012
Paul Burnett · 23 May 2012
TomS · 23 May 2012
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawld6XjD30FmqzNIw3L9LHbR4rkKphzUAn0 · 23 May 2012
Robert
Have a go at reading this: http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/p82.htm
At the very least it will clear up some of the more obvious misconceptions that you witlessly reproduce regarding the history of science.
It's a pretty good account of how scientists, many of whom were creationists, completely dismantled the idea that Genesis could be construed as a literal account of how the world is the way that in the period 1650-1850. Before Darwin.
It's written by an evangelical Christian
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawld6XjD30FmqzNIw3L9LHbR4rkKphzUAn0 · 23 May 2012
Prolonged exposure to the grammatical stylings of one RB is having it effect.
It should read .....how the world is the way that it is, in the period.......
DS · 23 May 2012
Of course Robert has been asked countless times to present some evidence, any evidence, for creationism. He has consistently failed to do so. Yet he incoherently screams at everyone to look at the evidence. This is your mind on creationism. It makes you do silly things like capitalize North and not capitalize america (even though that was actually a real name). And of course it's useless to try to get him to look at any evidence. You can lead a horse to water, but it still won't be able to read.
DS · 23 May 2012
Here are a few more questions for Dr. Shapiro:
If directed mutagenesis is possible in nature, explain the following:
1) The observed frequency distribution of mutations (most being neutral or deleterious and only a small fraction being adaptive in any given environment).
2) The existence of molecular clocks (based on random mutations, most of which are neutral).
3) The ubiquity of historical contingency (presumably not a constraint for directed mutagenesis).
4) And as always: Who is doing the "engineering"? Why are they doing it? When are they doing it? How are they doing it?
apokryltaros · 23 May 2012
Henry · 23 May 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/JxVN0eQFqtmgoY7wC1cZM44ET_iAanxHQmLgYgX_Zhn8#57cad · 23 May 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/JxVN0eQFqtmgoY7wC1cZM44ET_iAanxHQmLgYgX_Zhn8#57cad · 23 May 2012
Socially and religiously it was, of course, impossible for science to ignore the Bible, and indeed, proto-scientists generally began by assuming that a global flood washed the earth in the past and that life was created.
When the evidence showed differently, science learned. Byers did not, and, lacking in any evidence to support his prejudices, writes contrarily to the truth.
Glen Davidson
apokryltaros · 23 May 2012
apokryltaros · 23 May 2012
magicallymiraculously suspended in the atmosphere? Where are the scientific experiments to prove that this was possible, or even how all life could survive living under such a miraculous construct (and the increased barometric pressure), let alone survive all that water falling on them? As I recall, the only Creationist to ever bother attempting to research this situation is one Carl Baugh, who lied about raising giant piranha in a barometric chamber, when it was blatantly obvious from the pictures of his fish that he was really raising pacu, and not piranha.harold · 23 May 2012
John_S · 23 May 2012
Tenncrain · 23 May 2012
Tenncrain · 23 May 2012
Carl Drews · 23 May 2012
Carl Drews · 23 May 2012
What happened? Here is the link for H776 'erets:
http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H776
John · 23 May 2012
SteveP. · 23 May 2012
apokryltaros · 23 May 2012
DS · 23 May 2012
Robert Byers · 23 May 2012
Robert Byers · 23 May 2012
DS · 23 May 2012
Robert Byers · 23 May 2012
Robert Byers · 23 May 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/JxVN0eQFqtmgoY7wC1cZM44ET_iAanxHQmLgYgX_Zhn8#57cad · 23 May 2012
apokryltaros · 23 May 2012
apokryltaros · 23 May 2012
Dave Luckett · 24 May 2012
It's the twin insistance that there was a witness, and that witness testimony trumps all other evidence, that gets me.
There was no witness. Not even Genesis itself says that it was written or dictated by God, and the rest of the Bible says nothing more definite than that all scripture is 'breathed out by God', (2 Timothy 3:16) a Greek expression that almost certainly means the same as 'inspired', English having the same figure in the opposite sense. 'Inspired' or even 'breathed out by' does not mean 'written by' or 'dictated by', and if a thing is inspired, it doesn't mean that it's 'literally factual'.
That's what really drives me crazy about fundies. It's not that they leave stuff out - the Bible is full of contradictions. It's that they put stuff in, easily, readily, without a qualm or a blush. They make claims for scripture that are not only contrary to all outside evidence, but are simply never made by scripture itself.
And to protect those claims, they'll ring in whatever they need. Ice spheres around the Earth. Variations in the speed of light. Altered laws of physics, including nuclear physics, such that matter itself would become impossible. Comets that crash without heat. Millions of cubic miles of water that simply disappear. Pyramids built multiple centuries after the known date. Human populations that continuously expand at exponential rates, while genetically diversifying at a speed that would imply a catastrophic incidence of lethal mutations. Miracle upon uncovenanted miracle, piled high, higher, as high as needed to reach heaven.
And for what? For a doctrine not found in any Creed and never asserted by Christians until nearly the present day: that the Bible is not only factually inerrant but must be read literally as well. And for a theological nonsense: that the Fall of Man must be read as the eating of a literal fruit in a literal garden by a literal couple at the urging of a literal serpent.
It makes no sense, factually, theologically, scientifically or intellectually. It is so poisonously hostile to rational thought that it can only be cultural. The values underlying it - anti-intellectualism, philistinism, xenophobia, parochialism, intolerance and truculence - are cultural ones. It follows, I think, that this perverse reading of Scripture is largely to enforce deliberate distinction on an in-group, and to exclude an out-group. That is, fundies actually know they're being irrational, but this is a feature, not a bug.
And they're doing it for a reason. It's not for nothing that although they are actually radicals, espousing a series of political and religious ideas that would break the mold of Western civilization and incidentally destroy the Constitution of the United States, fundamentalists almost always describe and regard themselves as "conservatives", and their opponents, however closely they hew to classical Christian ideas or old-fashioned constitutionality, as "liberals".
Of course they are not conservatives. I'm a conservative, in the terms of the political discourse of my own country. I distrust radical change, simply because of its propensity for unintended outcomes and its tendency to get out of control. As a conservative, I am bound to oppose fundamentalist radicalism - but as a human being, and an occasionally rational one, I am appalled by such heedless wanton mindlessness deployed in any cause, let alone so corrosively disgusting a one as theirs.
Malcolm · 24 May 2012
Byers,
What you fail to understand, is that the bible isn't presumed to be false by science. The bible has been shown to be false. By Christians.
Rolf · 24 May 2012
SLC · 24 May 2012
SLC · 24 May 2012
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawld6XjD30FmqzNIw3L9LHbR4rkKphzUAn0 · 24 May 2012
Robert
Modern day creationists aren't going to get credit for trying to resurrect arguments and ideas that were comprehensively demolished by 1850; it doesn't help any that in the subsequent 150 years, numerous discoveries across a wide variety of disciplines have rendered such necromantic ambitions delusional. That many of the scientists who were involved in this demolition were creationists is an historical irony; but there is a lesson there if you're prepared to heed it.
What distinguishes these creationists from the zombie spawn of Morris and Whitcomb is that they were men of integrity, who were honestly prepared to draw honest conclusions from the actual evidence that actually presented itself in the actual world.
Frank J · 24 May 2012
Frank J · 24 May 2012
TomS · 24 May 2012
John · 24 May 2012
DS · 24 May 2012
DS · 24 May 2012
Shapiro apparently said:
"... I am proud to be there, and I see that an increasing number of people are joining me when they realize that natural genetic engineering, horizontal DNA transfer, interspecific hybridization, genome doubling and symbiogenesis provide solutions to problems recognized to be intractable under the limitations of conventional evolutionary thinking.”
Well, most of those things have been part of evolutionary biology for some time now. There is a lot of evidence for most of them. But, as far as I know "natural genetic engineering" is not a technical term and I have no idea what he means by this. I am aware of no evidence for this concept. It sounds like something that was just made up.
John wrote:
3) Repeated his claim that his “natural genetic engineering” hypothesis could result in irreducibly complex biological structures.
In this he seems to be no better than a typical ID creationist using arguments based on ignorance and personal incredulity. Unless he defines exactly what he means by this and presents some evidence for it, it will remain just another fringe idea without any scientific merit. I am perfectly willing to be convinced of anything by evidence. I am not willing to be convinced of anything in the absence of evidence.
And then there are all those questions. Perhaps Harold can make some progress with them.
SWT · 24 May 2012
apokryltaros · 24 May 2012
John · 24 May 2012
John · 24 May 2012
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawld6XjD30FmqzNIw3L9LHbR4rkKphzUAn0 · 24 May 2012
Frank J
Maybe. But did Morris and Whitcomb have integrity in comparison to, say, the signatories to the British Association for the Advancement of Science's 1865 manifesto?
W. H. Heydt · 24 May 2012
John · 24 May 2012
Tenncrain · 24 May 2012
Tenncrain · 24 May 2012
W. H. Heydt · 24 May 2012
Robert Byers · 25 May 2012
Robert Byers · 25 May 2012
Rolf · 25 May 2012
Rolf · 25 May 2012
DS · 25 May 2012
If the retard would just look at the link provided he would learn what geology has to do with biology. The fact that he refuses to do so is all the evidence that anyone needs to conclude that he doesn't know what he is talking about and doesn't care.
Bobby, go to the link, look at the evidence, examine the past two hundred years of history or STFU. You are just making a fool of yourself and every other creationist. If you have no answer for the evidence, you are toast amigo. Blubbering incoherent nonsense isn't going to work. do you really think that not bothering to use question marks or capital letters is a convincing argument.
DS · 25 May 2012
John · 25 May 2012
I've been having this back and forth between Wendell Read, a creationist fan of University of Chicago microbiologist James A. Shapiro and myself over at HuffPo:
Last night I issued this challenge to him:
"You have demonstrated consistently ample doubt of evolutionary theory and biological evolution, ever since you started commenting here at Huffington Post. I have yet to get any answer from you for these questions:
"Do you accept the overwhelming scientific evidence for biological evolution? Do you recognize the necessity for having an evolutionary theory that is the best current scientific explanation for biological evolution and allows scientists to have vigorous research programs in a manner consistent with what Plate Tectonics has done for Geology and Relativity and Quantum Mechanics for Physics? Do you also realize how ridiculous your praise of lemmingroom's teaching of biology is when compared and contrasted with far more effective means of teaching biology at elite science, mathematics and technology-oriented high schools like Fairfax County, VA's Thomas Jefferson High School and New York City's Bronx Science, Stuyvesant and Brooklyn Technical high schools?"
In reply, Wendell Read wrote this:
“John -
This is a blog for the discussion of science. Your statement:
"I have yet to get any answer from you for these questions:
Do you accept the overwhelming scientific evidence for biological evolution?..." might be appropriate for a religious discussion where we wish ferret out apostate thinking and insure that all participants are firmly committed to the required orthodoxy. Science however does not take this approach. Our concern here is with facts about what is happening and has happened in this fascinating universe we inhabit.
All participants who wish to express their understanding of what is going on in this universe are welcome to join the discussion regardless of their adherence to any 'orthodoxy' as defined by you or anybody else.”
For those who are interested, you can take a look here:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/social/John_Kwok/genetic-engineering_b_1541180_156811128.html
DS · 25 May 2012
John · 25 May 2012
DS · 25 May 2012
apokryltaros · 25 May 2012
TomS · 25 May 2012
John · 25 May 2012
Tenncrain · 25 May 2012
Henry · 25 May 2012
apokryltaros · 26 May 2012
Rolf · 26 May 2012
TomS · 26 May 2012
apokryltaros · 26 May 2012
Frank J · 26 May 2012
Scott F · 26 May 2012
Scott F · 26 May 2012
Just Bob · 26 May 2012
IANApsychologist, but that sounds remarkably like some of the symptoms of autism.
Frank J · 26 May 2012
Henry J · 26 May 2012
Dave Luckett · 26 May 2012
As a sideline, it is now thought that the Chaldean astronomers knew that the Earth was approximately spherical by about 600 BCE; they learned that from close observation of lunar eclipses, which they were already predicting by about 1500 BCE. They were certainly very well aware of the retrograde motions of Venus and Mercury, and of Venus's variable brightness as it phases. They might have known of the phases themselves, which are only just beyond naked-eye observation, and the simplest of optical aids - a single lens, for instance - would have revealed them.
From that data they would have been able to deduce a heliocentric solar system. They might actually have done so. But here's the thing: if they did it, they kept it secret, like their knowledge of predicting eclipses and of the shape of the Earth.
They weren't scientists, despite the fact that they were actually doing observational science. They were priests. Maybe they were curious about how the Universe worked - but their knowledge was kept secret, and used for their own benefit. Successfully predicting when the sky dragon was going to eat the moon paid off bigtime in mutton, beer and girls. So you told the rubes that was what was happening, even though you knew perfectly well that it was the shadow of the Earth falling on the moon.
Monks, in the Middle Ages, were famously regarded as being very good farmers. In fact, their prowess was thought to be magical, or proof of the favour of God, which is much the same thing. They sure did work hard at it, but they also worked smart, keeping good records of what worked and what didn't, and of their investments, trying new methods, communicating (via writing) with other monasteries that were doing the same. It was almost certainly the monasteries that pioneered the three-field system; Lenten restrictions led them to develop fish-farming, which boosted protein intake and paid off in extra fertiliser; they were the first to develop rye as a grain crop outside of Scandinavia; even the (European) wheelbarrow and the horsecollar were probably first used on monastery lands.
But much of this was also kept within their communities. It leaked out only slowly. The monks made no effort whatsoever to teach the laity how to grow more food. They were prepared to impart literacy only within their walls, mostly to postulants. It's no accident that "clerk" and "cleric" are really the same word. In the monks' defence, it should be said that they provided hospices, food and shelter for the poorest, of their charity. But the monasteries were not there to help the poor; their job was to pray and glorify God. Jesus would probably have said that the best way of doing the latter was to do the former, but what would he know?
Point, approaching at last: science is actually a far more noble endeavour. Scientists seek knowledge, and can't wait to tell everyone what they've found out. In fact, you can't stop them and you shouldn't try, though governments often do. Yes, you can object that scientists do this out of a desire for accolades, glory and fame. Sure. (It certainly isn't for the money.) But if they get the accolades, it's for doing what they're supposed to do, not for hiding stuff or doing something else. The result is the remorseless advance of knowledge, but more - the remorseless dissemination of it, to everyone's benefit.
And if that isn't a noble calling, damned if I know what is.
Robert Byers · 27 May 2012
Dave Luckett · 27 May 2012
No, Byers. Geology is used as evidence. Period. That's because it is evidence.
Evidence for evolution exists because evolution exists and has an effect on the observable world. Having an effect always produces evidence, which can be found if the right place is searched in the right way.
All creatures are evolving, but there are no "stages" in evolution, which is continuous and seamless, always towards best possible reproductive fitness.
And one does not need a living ancestor, although some of those clearly exist. All one needs is sufficient evidence from the traces that living things leave behind them.
Evolution is an understanding at the very heart of all biology. Without it, biology would be a "kitchen" science. With it, a principle can be applied that has predictive power, and hence can be used to design experiments.
Evolution existed as a fully formed theory, not a hypothesis, largely without fossil evidence (although that supported it more and more as more was found) and without absolute dating methods.
The long geological ages are a matter of unassailable fact, not of faith. Your wilful ignorance doesn't change this in the least.
The biogeography, embryology, linked and ring species, vestigial structures, and other lines of evidence were even more important in the day, as was population genetics once that came along, and finally the DNA and biochemistry.
And your bone-headed idiotic contention that data from one science cannot be used to verify another is so woefully, helplessly, moronically STUPID that it defies description.
Nine sentences, nine foolish untruths. You're batting zero, Byers. Keep it up.
TomS · 27 May 2012
DS · 27 May 2012
apokryltaros · 27 May 2012
DS · 27 May 2012
Just not so that geology is used only as a independent confirmation of YEC. Its largely not what they use as evidence when addressing the public. In fact how could there be evidence of YEC? It could only be a line of reasoning since the present is a stage only in a creatures evolution. One would need a previous state of it walking around still, cause fossils no is good.
YEC has little or nothing to do with biological investigation. Without fossils and time that is “supplied” by geology YEC can not exist as a hypothesis. Darwin said Put down his book if the presumption of long ages is not supported by evidence, but it is being so. I say put down YEC claim as a biological theory as long as geology cannot be used as its foundational faith.
Scott F · 27 May 2012
DS · 27 May 2012
Well that certainly explains why he refuses to look at the evidence. I guess he must know deep down inside that a single look at the actual evidence will cause his entire make-believe reality to come crashing down. It must be sad to live your life in desperate fear of reality. You have to explain entire fields of science out of existence, even though you are you are reading things by scientists who are actually in the fields you deny exist!
Henry J · 27 May 2012
John · 27 May 2012
Here's some sanctimonius BS written by University of Chicago microbiologist James Shapiro in reply to a creationist fan of his, Philip Rivera, only a few hours ago:
"Philip,
"I hope I made it clear that I do not share the anti-religious bias of many "evolution" advocates in my April 16 post entitled 'What Is the Best Way to Deal With Supernaturalists in Science and Evolution?' (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-a-shapiro/evolution-debate_b_1425133.html). As you suggest, placing that bias at the center of arguments on behalf of evolution is a major error."
"I have the impression with both Dawkins and Coyne that they care more about their anti-religious crusade than about finding real scientific answers. That may be why the evolution cause has been doing so poorly in the public arena."
"The upcoming review of my book next month on the NCSE (National Center for Science Education) website is a test as to whether new science is welcomed by the organization that has assumed the role of defending evolution in public. Knowing the reviewer, I am not optimistic. However, I will have a chance to reply."
"Just as scientists do not want theology to interfere in research and education, we need to respect the right of believers to be free from assaults in the name of science. It is wrong, and it is deeply anti-American, as defined by the First Ammendment to the Constitution."
The rest of the thread is here:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-a-shapiro/genetic-engineering_b_1541180.html
Feel free to post your comments in rebuttal to Shapiro's breathtaking inanity.
SteveP. · 27 May 2012
Tenncrain · 27 May 2012
apokryltaros · 27 May 2012
Henry J · 27 May 2012
Robert Byers · 28 May 2012
Dave Luckett · 28 May 2012
No, Byers. Everyone does not know that. Only the actively delusional, like yourself, think that geology does not provide evidence for the dating of fossils, which in turn provides evidence for the evolutionary change of species over time.
Evolution happened. There are mountains of evidence for it from biology, biochemistry, genetics and paleontology, and the geology confirms the dating and the timescale. Biology can be explained without Genesis or God. Evolution is not a line of reasoning, but a vast set of plainly established facts. It happened. Your ignorance, blind faith, and unreason are in vain. It doesn't matter what your delusions are. It still happened.
Rolf · 28 May 2012
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawld6XjD30FmqzNIw3L9LHbR4rkKphzUAn0 · 28 May 2012
Robert
No. Once again, your utter ignorance of the history of science manifests itself.
There were two to three hundred years of observation and classification of the diversity of living organisms prior to Darwin that increased the numbers of recognised distinct species by orders of magnitude; many of these species were clearly very closely inter-related, and their variations were explicable in terms of their environment. That this profusion could be explained in terms of discrete acts of special creation at a particular point in both space and time was untenable. The concept that some sort of evolutionary process was at work was already in play a good 60-70 years prior to the publicaton of Darwin's work. This had nothing to do with the fossil record, and everything to do with actual observations of the actual diversity of living organisms in the actual world of the present.
The exploration of the Americas from the 16th century onwards, Australasia from the 18th century onwards etc showed that there was a spatial component to the diversity of life, and that variation was connected to geography and environment. Again, this had nothing to do with the fossil record and had everything to do with acutal observations in the present.
Then there was the evidence of heredity - that parents pass on their characteristics to their offspring. And that this is a mechanism for variation. No fossil record needed there either.
Even without a fossil record, there would have been some sort of evolutionary theory that explained the diversity and distribution of living organisms - as it was recognised that life is not fixed, instead, it's mutable, dynamic and intimately connected to its environment.
The fossil record was important, however, because it showed that there was a temporal sequence to the history of life, that the earliest forms of life were marine organisms, that there was a progression towards greater variety and complexity over time, that land-based life was a relatively recent phenomenon, that the same pattern of of progression towards greater variety and complexity over time obtained, and, perhaps most importantly of all, that extinction of species was a continuous phenomenon - and that the particular cases of the very recent extinction of some megafauna such as mammoths and giant sloths was due to environmental factors.
Do you really believe that the "public" thinks about fossils when considering the evolution of drug-resistant pathogens? You shouldn't presume that the public shares your dogmatic incuriosity, love of ignorance and dishonesty. Most people understand that science isn't revelation. The evidence is there for anyone to see, both in the diversity of life in the present, that heredity and environment explain that diversity, and that the history of life is preserved in the rocks; that's the basic evolutionary synthesis, and in the 150 years since, that understanding has only been deepened, broadened and subjected to ever more rigorous confirmation.
And you don't have a shred of evidence, knowledge, logic or reason to bring to the discussion, just a series of ill-informed, poorly expressed whines.
TomS · 28 May 2012
DS · 28 May 2012
apokryltaros · 28 May 2012
Dave Luckett · 28 May 2012
You're kidding, right? Of course Byers provides evidence. He said where it is - it's in Genesis. That's evidence. It's eyewitness testimony, in fact. God dictated it to Moses and Moses wrote it down. What more do you need?
DS · 28 May 2012
I said for the public.
They do not use "evidence" based on fossil sequence. its most not what they do to try to prove YEC is true.
Everyone knows that.
Anyone trying to make the YEC case quickly realizes that they cannot invokes fossils based on geology conclusions.
They convince themselves by this evidence, but no one else is convinceded.
Even if some YEC books don't invoke geology/fossils then they still invoke other non biological evidence.
YEC never happened and there couldn't be evidence from biological investigation.
Its still, since Jesus, a line of reasoning and desire to explain biology without evidence at alls.
In fact the YEC organizations used the phrase THE FOSSILS SAY NO as their motto to assert YECism to the public.
Fossils is based on paleontology and is biology. That's why YEC can't be using thems.
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawld6XjD30FmqzNIw3L9LHbR4rkKphzUAn0 · 28 May 2012
Henry · 28 May 2012
Tenncrain · 28 May 2012
apokryltaros · 28 May 2012
apokryltaros · 28 May 2012
Just Bob · 28 May 2012
Robert Byers · 29 May 2012
Dave Luckett · 29 May 2012
Genetics is "too atomic and unproven".
One is used to jawdropping clangers from the sage of Saskatchewan, but that one takes the biscuit.
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawld6XjD30FmqzNIw3L9LHbR4rkKphzUAn0 · 29 May 2012
Robert, the walking self-refutation
You seem to be suggesting that the contention for evolution should be made without reference to, well, evidence. Seeing as the theory of evolution was the product of evidence, as found in the world around us, that's simply not going to happen. Again, you're just following the standard post-Morris & Whitcomb creationist fancy of pretending that the evidence doesn't exist, and that if you wish hard enough for the evidence to disappear then you'll be able to settle the argument; not gonna happen kiddo. Once again, science is not revelation. Try the converse - pretend that there's no bible and deduce a literal six-day scheme of creation and a global flood without reference to it.
You keep harping on about there being very little work or investigation done prior to Darwin - but you haven't the faintest idea of what you're talking about; I'd suggest that you write us a little precis of the inadequacies of the scientific researches in the period 1550-1850 that both qualifies and quantifies this, giving your critiques of the deficiencies of Gessner, William Turner, Ray, Hooke, Casealpino, the various learned societies that spring up across Europe in the 17th century, van Leeuwenhoek, Swammerdam, Linnaeus, Buffon, Cuvier, St Hilaire, Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, von Humboldt, comparative anatomy et al, but that would actually require you to do some work and get to grips with actual history. You've repeatedly shown that you simply lack the guts, the wit or the honesty to do this.
The star evidence for evolution is the diversity of living things that we encounter in the world around us; and it's not a hunch - it's a well-demonstrated fact that has been repeatedly confirmed. Fossils are a line of evidence - you can't just wish them into non-existence. Genetics is a line of evdience too - again, you can't just wish it into non-existence because it's factually inconvenient.
dalehusband · 29 May 2012
apokryltaros · 29 May 2012
I see the lying coward Robert Byers still insists on supporting his inane lies with impotent assertions.
He appears to be too stupid to realize that he knows nothing about science or history of science or anything at all, and that his pious lies and arrogant assertions make him out to be a monstrously stupid idiot.
Rolf · 29 May 2012
DS · 29 May 2012
Just Bob · 29 May 2012
I wonder if he thinks "atomic and unproven" will work in a DNA-backed paternity suit, or a criminal trial with DNA evidence.
Robert, if your spouse, daughter, sister, or other female loved one were raped, and the only physical evidence linking the rapist to the crime was DNA, would you NOT want molecular DNA evidence used to convict the rapist "as its too atomic and unproven"?
DS · 29 May 2012
Frank J · 29 May 2012
apokryltaros · 29 May 2012
Robert Byers · 29 May 2012
Robert Byers · 30 May 2012
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawld6XjD30FmqzNIw3L9LHbR4rkKphzUAn0 · 30 May 2012
Self-refutin' Robert
At the risk of stating the bleedin' obvious, again, saying that the evidence of evolution cannot be used to prove evolution until evolution has been proved without recourse to the evidence isn't going to convince anyone of either your thoughtfulness or of your sincerity; once again, science isn't revelation, and we don't learn anything when we get stuck in a cognitive hamster wheel like the one you've imprisoned yourself in. You demonstrate this every time you put finger to keyboard.
I appreciate that it's useful to have a divine flunky to help you out whenever the evidence becomes inconvenient or too difficult for you to understand; speaking personally, if I had a divine flunky, I'd get a stonkingly fast starship, 10,000 volumes of my choosing from the British Library and an excellent wine cellar.
Do you really think that genetics is just an unobserved presumption, and that in the real world we haven't sequenced the genomes of numerous species? Do you really think that we don't know what genes are and what they do? Do you really think that we haven't identified specific genes that cause certain inherited conditions and diseases? 'Cos that's going to come as news to a lot of people, some of whom have things like Nobel prizes.
You make a lot of idiotic statements, but when you say that "genetics is all presumption and not about observed reality" you've dug through the bottom of the barrel of stupidity, and are heading deep into the earth's core. You should retract that one PDQ.
TomS · 30 May 2012
Rolf · 30 May 2012
DS · 30 May 2012
apokryltaros · 30 May 2012
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawld6XjD30FmqzNIw3L9LHbR4rkKphzUAn0 · 30 May 2012
TomS
Self-refutin' Robert apparently adheres to the Time Bandits school of creationism - it was a rush job, and God had to sub-contract.
Just Bob · 30 May 2012
My reply to RB is the same as Mehmet's: he needs to use some bogus Turkish nasal spary to enhance his sex life. Or something.
Robert Byers · 31 May 2012
Robert Byers · 31 May 2012
Robert Byers · 31 May 2012
Dave Luckett · 31 May 2012
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawld6XjD30FmqzNIw3L9LHbR4rkKphzUAn0 · 31 May 2012
Self-refutin' Robert
"Genetic biological relationships" are well-observed, demonstrable facts that show evolutionary connections between different organisms. The connections are there for anyone to see in the DNA sequences. Pretending that you do not, can not or will not see them is just another instance of your epistemological nihilism, and your evident refusal to know or learn anything about anything - something that you publicly demonstrate on a daily basis. Keep up the good work, self-refutin' Robert!
Do you think that the DNA parts department is run by a gang of disgruntled and underpaid dwarves?
TomS · 31 May 2012
Henry · 31 May 2012
DS · 31 May 2012
Unfortunately for Henry, there never was a global flood, not one, never was. Too bad for Henry and the bible.
apokryltaros · 31 May 2012
apokryltaros · 31 May 2012
Just Bob · 31 May 2012
Pay attention, Henry. Try to get this distinction. The BIBLE assumes the flood to have been 'global' (wrong word--they didn't know about the globe thing; maybe 'discal' would be more accurate). But that doesn't mean that it REALLY was.
Quoting copy & paste Bible verses doesn't prove that something is true. It only "proves" what the Bible says.
In that particular verse.
In the translation you like.
You know very well that there are Bible verses that YOU don't believe are true in any literal sense. I bet that YOU think it's silly for someone to quote Bible verses to "prove" that the Earth rests on foundations, is flat, is covered by a solid dome, and once harbored unicorns.
Henry · 31 May 2012
Dave Luckett · 31 May 2012
Yeah, I looked at it, Henry. The Las Lunas stone, henry? Provenance, henry? Any idea of when it was carved? Any idea of who carved it? Has any detailed archeology been done? Analysis of tool marks? Remember the crystal skulls that were ancient Mayan relics, thousands of years old, that were found to have been wheel-abraded using tungsten carbide?
Was there any trace of a literate culture there? No. One elaborately carved stone of unknown origin, found right there in the canyon. Right on top. No non-native potsherds, no other artefacts of non-American origin. Nada.
Now, you tell me, Henry. What's more likely - that a Hebrew who wrote ancient Phoenician somehow got to Arizona in 1000 BCE, and carved this but left no other trace, or somebody in the twentieth century carved it? You know, Henry, the Mormons have been spending mucho time and money trying to prove their holy book for well over a hundred years now. They've made important contributions to American ethnography, linguistics and archeology, but of ancient Hebrew cities, not a trace.
And there still isn't a single mention in the Bible of America, Henry. Nor in any Old World ancient text.
Look, I know you think you can use the Bible to prove the Bible. That's what makes people giggle and point at you, Henry. There was no world-wide flood. The evidence against it is decisive, and it comes from the rocks, not the Bible. The Bible is wrong.
DS · 31 May 2012
Rolf · 1 June 2012
apokryltaros · 1 June 2012
DS · 1 June 2012
Kevin B · 1 June 2012
Just Bob · 1 June 2012
SWT · 1 June 2012
Robert Byers · 3 June 2012
Dave Luckett · 3 June 2012
Just Bob · 3 June 2012
DS · 3 June 2012
DS · 3 June 2012
Robert wrote:
"People are a special case because we come from Adam/Eve. No other biology is like this."
Better read your bible again asshole. According to the bible, EVERY ANIMAL IS EXACTLY LIKE THIS!
You lose again.
apokryltaros · 3 June 2012
TomS · 3 June 2012
Rolf · 3 June 2012
Robert,
Again: How did thylacines come into being? Didn't God make them the same way he made all other species, including humans?
He created pairs of each species, leaving the propagation to the animals themselves. You learned about the principle and how it is done in school, didn't you you?
Just Bob · 3 June 2012
Scott F · 3 June 2012
Just Bob · 3 June 2012
How did Robert, himself, start out? As a complete human body, which made his DNA follow a compulsory pattern that recorded the "score" of a human body, or as a few strands of DNA (and a little other goo) long before there were any macroscopic parts of a human body?
How about it, Robert? Which came first, your body or your DNA?
Now which do you think lays down the pattern or code or "score" that the other has to follow?
If we drastically modify your body, say by amputation of all 4 limbs and radical plastic surgery on your face and--what the heck--a "sex change" operation, will your DNA change to keep "score"?
apokryltaros · 3 June 2012
Marilyn · 3 June 2012
Just Bob · 3 June 2012
Tenncrain · 3 June 2012
Just Bob · 3 June 2012
Robert Byers · 4 June 2012
Robert Byers · 4 June 2012
Robert Byers · 4 June 2012
Robert Byers · 4 June 2012
Dave Luckett · 4 June 2012
Getting into the details of genes is beyond what your knowledge is, Byers, or any knowledge that you want to acquire.
The argument is really simple. The DNA of Byers is close to that of his father, any brothers, and his father's siblings if any. It is a little more different from that of any cousins, and diminishes in likeness as the relationship becomes more and more distant. The less the relationship, the greater the difference
This principle applies across the whole of the human species. The ethnic groups most divergent from Byer's group have the most divergent DNA from Byers. But by Byers own doctrine all humans are descended from two people, so he's got no problems with common descent there.
But a higher degree of divergence applies to extinct humans. The DNA divergence - which has been measured - between Neanderthals and any extant human is greater than that between any two extant humans - great enough, in the opinion of most geneticists and cladistics researchers, to distinguish Neanderthalis as a separate species. But Neanderthals were definitely human beings, with tool use, fire, art, culture and even some evidence for religious belief.
So they were human, but a different species. That means - it must mean - that different species descend from common ancestors by Byers' own doctrine!
What about H. erectus, which takes the argument one step further? Erectus was certainly also a hominin, one which also made and used tools and controlled fire. Most creationists call erectus "human"; but there's no doubt that on morphology alone erectus was a different species, and was always recognised as one. So again, different species arise from common ancestors - and the creationists admit it.
The only thing distinguishing these species is that all of them can be called "human". When we move further away, the DNA becomes more divergent - which is exactly what you would expect. But Byers wants the evidence for common descent to stop abruptly wherever he wants to draw the line between "human" and "non-human".
Why? There's no reason for this arbitrary line. DNA is unimpeachable evidence for common descent among humans. A comparison of his own and Byer's father's would establish the relationship, were it ever disputed. If DNA is evidence for common descent between humans, and between humans and Neanderthals, (which are of a different species) why is it not evidence for common descent of all living things? What rational reason is there for refusing to admit it as evidence for that?
There is none. But whoever said Byers was rational?
TomS · 4 June 2012
Rolf · 4 June 2012
Robert, if you don’t mind, let’s make a small experiment. Are you game:
What is the eye colour of your father and mother?
DS · 4 June 2012
co · 4 June 2012
With these latest attempts from Byers, I'm convinced there's something wrong with him other than pathological stupidity. My, "Ohhhh, crap. He really needs help!" alarm is ringing.
People much more perceptive than I have noted this in the past.
Because of this, I'll no longer engage Byers, other than to encourage him to get help.
Scott F · 4 June 2012
DS · 4 June 2012
Robert Byers · 5 June 2012
Scott F
Dolphins and sharks only have a few like parts. their inner parts are quite different. further dolphines are from land creatures and so their DNA changed on different lines.
The like parts equals like DNA is from a serious original creation and not later minor adaptations.
I am saying their are two forces going on here and that logically there is no reason to see just one frorce.
Two points I'm making.
It could only be that like parts equals like DNA from a like blueprint and creator.
So all of biology has like parts with variation and like DNA with variation.
So a primate looks like us and has like DNA with us but it could only be this way without it logically meaning we are related.
then the second force is a special case where we being from Adam/Eve have ever since had very close DNA because of actual relatedness.
Its been a logical flaw, if not a actual factual one(though it is that too), to say all DNA can be tracked back to connect creatures.
To insist and be persuaded by this has been wrong.
Both forces can be operating at the same time.
Dave Luckett · 5 June 2012
Byers has no answer to the fact that DNA similarities among humans are exactly distributed according to the generational distance of their last common ancestor. This, he is quite happy to concede, implies that all humans are commonly descended. But extinct human species, such as neanderthalis and erectus, show an exactly similar pattern of greater divergence. This implies that extinct human species and our species are also commonly descended. Byers is less happy with that, but he'll probably go along with it.
But chimpanzees, gorillas and ourangutans, in that order, show the same, and then all primates, and then all mammals, and so on for all life.
Which also implies that we and the apes, we and the primates, we and mammals, and we and all life, are commonly descended, with the DNA differences moving in exact lockstep with the generational distance of our last common ancestor. Byers balks at this, and wants there to be some point where common ancestry is no longer implied.
There is no such point. There is no such barrier. It exists only in the Byers imagination, along with his other fantasies, such as that he has the faintest clue what he's talking about, or that his miserable ignorance is not blatantly revealed every time he presses a key.
DS · 5 June 2012
apokryltaros · 5 June 2012
Scott F · 5 June 2012
Just Bob · 5 June 2012
Robert: YOU can't tell the difference between an emerald tree boa (Corallus caninus [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Tree_Boa]) and a green tree python (Morelia viridis [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia_viridis]). They look so much alike that it takes knowledge and experience with snakes to tell them apart. They have pretty much identical "parts". So they should have pretty much identical DNA, by your thinking, right?
Well, they don't. The emerald tree boa has DNA much closer to the giant boa constrictor (Boa constrictor), which it looks nothing like. The green tree python has DNA that makes it related to the giant reticulated python (Python reticulatus)--but NOT to the emerald tree boa--which it looks almost exactly like.
Any layman (YOU), asked to decide which of those 4 snakes was related, based on their "parts", would unhesitatingly put the 2 small, green, identical-appearing snakes as maybe brother and sister, and the 2 giant ones as maybe kissing cousins. You would be WRONG.
You see, very different DNA can make almost identical "parts" (that's called convergent evolution), like the two tree snakes. And much more similar DNA can result in very different "parts", like it does with the tree and giant pythons.
So your notion that DNA is similar only because "parts" are similar is just plain wrong.
In the reptile house of our local zoo, the tree boa and tree python are displayed in side-by-side enclosures. Keepers are constantly asked why two examples of the same snake are kept in two separate cages, under two different names. People have a hard time believing that the boa from the Amazon is not closely related to the python from New Guinea. But they're NOT. The boa is related to other boas, and the python to other pythons. Their DNA doesn't lie. And it tells a very different story from their "parts."
DS · 5 June 2012
Robert,
Which group of land creatures were ancestral to the dolphins? How do you know?
Tenncrain · 5 June 2012
Tenncrain · 5 June 2012
BTW, while were on the topic of genes, many of our PT trolls claim that all humans alive today came from Adam & Eve. Here's a few relatively brief links that explain how both "Mitochondrial Eve" and "Y-Chromosomal Adam" were calculated - and how the dates of both M.E. and Y-C Adam are vastly different, as well the likelihood that there were many other humans living alongside M.E.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A703199
http://biologos.org/blog/understanding-evolution-mitochondrial-eve-y-chromosome-adam
http://biologos.org/questions/the-mitochondrial-eve
Robert Byers · 5 June 2012
Robert Byers · 5 June 2012
Dave Luckett · 6 June 2012
Those two posts can't be improved upon. For sheer demented refusal to parse reality, they are epic.
The hubris ("There is only one snake kind") is monumental. Byers not only knows more than the world's herpetologists, he knows the mind of God Almighty. Not even the myth in the Bible says that there was only one snake kind, but Byers knows anyway.
Dolphins, which are attested on Minoan vase and wall paintings dated to 1600 BCE, evolved from tetrapodal land animals in less than a millennium! And this is a mind that balks at general evolution!
The man's doolally.
apokryltaros · 6 June 2012
Just Bob · 6 June 2012
"There is only one snake kind. Only one kind off the ark."
Green anacondas.
Spitting cobras.
Coral snakes.
Diamondback rattlesnakes.
African rock pythons.
Banded sea snakes.
Common garters.
King cobras.
Seriously. All evolved within a few centuries after the Ark. Can you quote a creationist "authority" on that, or did you just make it up? After that 3rd sentence, it became pretty much unreadable--and I have a LOT of practice deciphering illiterate 9th grade writing. But I THINK you're saying that we have DNA like chimps because we look sort of like them. And green tree pythons and emerald tree boas have very different DNA because they look almost exactly alike. Uhh...right.
Scott F · 6 June 2012
DS · 6 June 2012
So that would be a no. Robert has no idea what group of land creatures dolphins are descended from and no way to find out. All he has is intuition, uninformed by mere facts. In other words, he is completely worthless.
In the real world, comparative anatomy, paleontology, genetics and developmental biology all give the same answer. Cetaceans are descended from terrestrial artiodactyls. Robert has no clue about any of this evidence and no explanation for any of it. Pity the fool.
TomS · 6 June 2012
I would suggest that this discussion shows one reason why advocates of "Intelligent Design" don't want to get into the details of "what happened and when": When creationists start specifying details, they only raise problems. It's much safer just to say "something, somehow, is wrong with evolution".
Richiyaado · 6 June 2012
Great read! If Creationists truly rely on archeological evidence to bolster their arguments, I wonder what they make of Mrs. God, for whom ample evidence has been piling up for decades. Though Mrs. God was largely written out of Old Testament texts, several dozen references remain. Oh-oh!
Robert Byers · 6 June 2012
phhht · 6 June 2012
Robert Byers, what makes you think gods exist? As far as I can see, there aren't any.
Just Bob · 6 June 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/JxVN0eQFqtmgoY7wC1cZM44ET_iAanxHQmLgYgX_Zhn8#57cad · 6 June 2012
Rolf · 8 June 2012