In 1872, in my presidential address to the Entomological Society, I endeavoured to expound Herbert Spencer's theory of the origin of insects, on the view that they are fundamentally compound animals, each segment representing one of the original independent organisms. (Volume II, Chapter XXVI, unpaginated in my Nook version)The reference is to Spencer's The Principles of Biology, Volume II, Chapter IV, where the proposal is developed on pp 93ff. The link is to Spencer's 1899 revision of the 1867 first edition; Wallace would have used the 1867 edition as the basis for his talk. So the preacher in Ecclesiastes was right: there's nothing new under the sun.
Nothing new under the sun?
A couple of years ago the late Lynn Margulis generated a flap in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by shepherding a paper through PNAS's editorial process that advocated the notion that butterflies are the result of an ancient symbiotic relationship between "worm-like and winged ancestors."
I was reminded of that flap the other day while I was reading Alfred Russel Wallace's autobiography. Wallace mentions an 1872 talk he gave to the Entomological Society in which he described Herbert Spencer's hypothesis that segmented insects are the result of an aggregation of once-separate ancestors:
132 Comments
Richard B. Hoppe · 27 December 2011
To be fair to Spencer, his proposal was not that different sorts of organisms aggregated, segment by segment, to form insects, as the butterfly notion does. Rather, Spencer suggested (roughly) that the segments were formed from individual organisms of the same sort, with segmental differentiation being caused by different selective pressures operating on the several segments.
https://me.yahoo.com/a/JxVN0eQFqtmgoY7wC1cZM44ET_iAanxHQmLgYgX_Zhn8#57cad · 27 December 2011
You'd think the "minor" issue of reproduction of such a chimera would give Margulis and Williamson pause.
Spencer at least had the excuse that he didn't know how reproduction occurs, in the sense of which cells actually produce gametes.
Glen Davidson
John Harshman · 28 December 2011
There is nothing per se weird about Spencer's idea. Consider, for example, salps or siphonophores. It just happens to be wrong.
Torbjörn Larsson, OM · 28 December 2011
harold · 28 December 2011
balloonguy · 28 December 2011
The preacher in Ecclesiastes may not have existed, but someone wrote Ecclesiastes and put that sentence in there.
co · 28 December 2011
Karen S. · 28 December 2011
apokryltaros · 28 December 2011
Jim · 28 December 2011
Ecclesiastes has always been something of an embarrassment for pious Jews. Like the Book of Job, another work that is hard to assimilate to conventional religion ideas, it seems to have been included in the canon of the Bible because of its undeniable literary quality. I've thought for a long time that the rabbis who decided it belonged in scripture showed a great deal of integrity. If they had left it out, they would have had a lot less 'splaining to do.
Henry J · 28 December 2011
Karen S. · 28 December 2011
Henry J · 28 December 2011
apokryltaros · 28 December 2011
Just Bob · 28 December 2011
Richard B. Hoppe · 28 December 2011
Paul Burnett · 28 December 2011
Henry · 12 January 2012
fnxtr · 13 January 2012
"I, Clavdivs..."
Henry · 18 January 2012
Henry · 18 January 2012
Ecclesiastes 12 (King James Version)
1 Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth, while the evil days come not, nor the years draw nigh , when thou shalt say , I have no pleasure in them; . 13 Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man. 14 For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing , whether it be good, or whether it be evil.
Henry · 18 January 2012
apokryltaros · 18 January 2012
apokryltaros · 18 January 2012
Dave Luckett · 18 January 2012
Two after the Caesars. Januarius was a Roman god - a minor one, the deity in charge of openings, beginnings and doorways. We remember him also with janitor, which originally meant much the same as "doorman". February after either Februus, a god older even than Rome, or the festival of purification named after him; March after the god Mars; April from the Latin verb aperire, "to open"; referring probably to the buds; May apparently from the name of the Latin goddess Maiesta; June after Juno, wife of Jupiter; July and August after Julius and Augustus. The rest of the months echo Roman numbers, from their original position in the succession, before the Caesars got their hands on it.
So not only all our days but five of our months were named after pagan gods or goddesses - seven if you count the Caesars, who were deified later.
But no, it isn't idolatry or apostasy simply to use their names. Those deities weren't half so insanely narcissistic or paranoid as Yahweh, anyhow.
The point is, people believed in them, once. There's just exactly as much reason to believe they existed as that King Solomon existed, let alone wrote Ecclesiastes - that is, some unknown person said so, a long time ago.
Henry · 19 January 2012
Henry · 19 January 2012
Henry · 19 January 2012
In fact, Matthew traced Jesus' legal lineage through Solomon, giving Jesus the legal right to the throne of David.
Matthew 1:1 The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. 2 Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren; 3 And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram; 4 And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon; 5 And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse; 6 And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias;
Dave Luckett · 19 January 2012
Jesus hasn't been picking up his mail in a long time, either, Henry.
As for Solomon, if I said that not even Scrooge McDuck could afford that, would that make Scrooge a real person?
apokryltaros · 19 January 2012
apokryltaros · 19 January 2012
Dave Lovell · 19 January 2012
Henry · 20 January 2012
Dave Luckett · 20 January 2012
Silly argument. Nobody's disputing that the Christian church was for the best part of two millennia one of the fundamental cultural institutions of western civilisation, and that a great deal of our everyday behaviour, law, customs, traditions and usage derive from it in various ways - although we have often learned to do better. That isn't any sort of evidence that the major doctrines of Christianity are true in fact, or that the Bible is, either.
Dave Luckett · 20 January 2012
Oh, and pagans? They're everywhere. I know three myself.
apokryltaros · 20 January 2012
Henry · 20 January 2012
Dave Luckett · 20 January 2012
Then the Founding Fathers would be incapable of logical thought, in your book, Henry. I rather doubt that to be the case.
Henry · 21 January 2012
Dave Luckett · 21 January 2012
You know, this conversation just became creepy. What gods other people worship is none of your business, Henry, or mine either, really. Forget I said it.
Henry · 21 January 2012
apokryltaros · 21 January 2012
apokryltaros · 21 January 2012
Henry · 21 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 21 January 2012
apokryltaros · 21 January 2012
Richard B. Hoppe · 21 January 2012
Flint · 21 January 2012
stevaroni · 21 January 2012
Henry · 23 January 2012
Henry · 23 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 23 January 2012
Dave Luckett · 23 January 2012
The Salem witch trials were not normal occurrances, no, Henry. In the last quarter of the eighteenth century, no, they weren't. They were quite normal up until the first quarter, though, and very commonplace in earlier centuries. The same for heresy and blasphemy trials, often followed by barbarous and cruel executions.
Now, why, do you suppose, did people stop hanging and burning witches, pretty generally, during that century? It wasn't the Christian religion that made a difference, and it wasn't Protestantism or Calvinism. Those had been around for quite a while, and stayed around. In fact, the rise of Protestantism seems to have happened in lockstep with an actual rise in witch trials, not to mention heresy, etc. Association is not causation, but it's... suggestive, wouldn't you say? No, of course you wouldn't, on account of you'd rather carry out an autolobotomy with an ice pick than think about something like that.
Still, we really need to look at something other than religion for a cause for the fact that mostly we stopped burning harmless people whenever their neighbours thought they acted a little odd. So what else was happening at the same time, the eighteenth century?
Could it be, Henry, that for the first time ever in the history of western civilisation, people generally began to ask themselves for objectively demonstrable reasons for believing things, acting in this way, behaving like this? Could it be that in the maybe a hundred and fifty or so years since it began, that mode of thought had already proven itself capable of actually finding out how the Universe really worked? That the benefits that flowed from that were so impressive that anybody who was actually prepared to assess them in a - oh I don't know, let's call it a "rational" way - could not ignore the fact that civilised people could not go back to doing stuff because some spit-flecked loon in a cassock told them to?
Oh, sure, there's still those people hiding in the holes and corners. We may never be shot of them. But they don't run government or law any more, Henry. And neither do you.
apokryltaros · 23 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 23 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 23 January 2012
Incidentally, the atrocities and sectarian infighting among the various religious leaders who led the early colonies in America arose from things like ”A Model of Christian Charity” by John Winthrop.
How can such a “nice” document lead to such atrocities as witch burning? Read carefully the final paragraphs to gain a sense of the sectarian paranoia used to bind the colony together.
Sectarian religion is not always what sectarians would have you believe.
Henry · 25 January 2012
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/hodge/theology3.iii.v.viii.html#iii.v.viii-Page_343
Proof that this is a Christian and Protestant Nation.
The proposition that the United States of America are a Christian and Protestant nation, is not so much the assertion of a principle as the statement of a fact. That fact is not simply that the great majority of the people are Christians and Protestants, but that the organic life, the institutions, laws, and official action of the government, whether that action be legislative, judicial, or executive, is, and of right should be, and in fact must be, in accordance with the principles of Protestant Christianity.
1. This is a Christian and Protestant nation in the sense stated in virtue of a universal and necessary law. If you plant an acorn, you get an oak. If you plant a cedar, you get a cedar. If a country be settled by Pagans or Mohammedans, it develops into a Pagan or Mohammedan community. By the same law, if a country be taken possession of and settled by Protestant Christians, the nation which they come to constitute must be Protestant and Christian. This country was settled by Protestants. For the first hundred years of our history they constituted almost the only element of our population. As a matter of course they were governed by their religion as individuals, in their families, and in all their associations for business, and for municipal, state, and national government. This was just as much a matter of necessity as that they should act morally in all these different relations.
2. It is a historical fact that Protestant Christianity is the law of the land, and has been from the beginning. As the great majority of the early settlers of the country were from Great Britain, they declared that the common law of England should be the law here. But Christianity is the basis of the common law of England, and is therefore of the law of this country; and so our courts have repeatedly decided. It is so not merely because of such decisions. Courts cannot reverse facts. Protestant Christianity has been, is, and must be the law of the land, Whatever Protestant Christianity forbids, the law of the land (within its sphere, i.e., within the sphere in which civil authority may appropriately act) forbids. Christianity forbids polygamy and arbitrary divorce, Se does the civil law. Romanism forbids divorce even on the ground of adultery; Protestantism admits it on that ground. The laws of all the states conform in this matter to the Protestant rule. Christianity forbids all unnecessary labour, or the transaction of worldly business, on the Lord’s Day; that day accordingly is a dies non, throughout the land. No contract is binding, made on that day. No debt can be collected on the Christian Sabbath. If a man hires himself for any service by the month or year, he cannot be required to labour on that day. All public offices are closed, and all official business is suspended. From Maine to Georgia, from ocean to ocean, one day in the week, by the law of God and by the law of the land, the people rest.
apokryltaros · 25 January 2012
If the United States was a "Christian and Protestant Nation," then it would be illegal to not be a Christian or a Protestant. Yet, it is not.
We've been over this lie, before, Henry.
Mike Elzinga · 26 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 26 January 2012
Dave Luckett · 26 January 2012
Christianity is not the basis of the Common Law of England. The guiding principles behind it are not found in any specifically Christian teaching. The Common Law arises, as its name implies, not from any revelation to any person, nor from any apostolic or prophetic authority, nor from Scripture, but from the mutual wish of ordinary people to do justice and right among themselves. The jury system, the ballot box, the subjection of government to the will of the people, all exist not because of the will of God, nor from any idea that the will of the people is the will of God, but solely because they are the will of the people.
Common Law is not some changeless iron contract. It is a continuing search for fair dealing. It is intensely human, not divine; pragmatic, not idealised; practical, not theoretical; compromising, not rigid. It is not, it never was, God's Law. Nobody ever pretended it was, until fanatics started trying to rewrite history and wreck science.
The United States arose not out of a leader or a demagogue or a prophet - nor from a Holy Book. The Constitution was not handed down from on high. Rather, it is the expression of the mutually accepted principles of mutual respect for their rights, decency, fairness, justice and freedom that the people of the United States agreed on, through their representatives. It was hammered out, clause by clause, word by word, not from Scripture, but by committees and caucuses, argument and council, compromise and debate, from human ideas that a century before its writing would have been considered novel, radical, peculiar - even ridiculous.
Paul wrote in Romans 13 that governors wielded power that they derived from God. That was always the position of the Christian church. The Constitution of the United States denies that, flat and plain. The just powers of the governors derive from the free consent of the governed, and from nowhere else. What else is the founding principle of the United States? What else did you fight for? Why else are you a nation?
Biggy is peddling another untruth. He thinks it's true, but he's addled. It is not true. But he's worse than addled. He's malignant. What he and those of his mind would do if they could peddle their falsehoods to enough people is horrifying.
Dave Luckett · 26 January 2012
Sorry, that was Henry. Biggy, if you're watching, why don't you tell us what you think? If you think differently to Henry, I'll apologise.
Dave Lovell · 26 January 2012
apokryltaros · 26 January 2012
Henry · 26 January 2012
DS · 26 January 2012
The pseudo christian demands that his myths be taught in publicly funded science classes to the exclusion of all other myths. This is illegal and immoral as any rational person can plainly see.
No one gives a rats hairy behind what the first people who came here and stole the land from the native Americans used as a justification for their immoral actions. We have now set up a system of government that insures religious freedom for all. Those who demand a theocracy should find somewhere else to live.
phhht · 26 January 2012
Flint · 26 January 2012
And here we go again. If government is neutral toward Henry's faith, and does not officially endorse it as True, then government must necessarily OPPOSE Henry's faith. Remaining silent on religion MEANS endorsing the falsehood of that religion. There is no neutral.
And as usual, the enormously complex constellation of motivations for all of the millions of people who started colonies, or immigrated, or have formed any sorts of organizations or have influenced both legislative and case law, is simplified down into binary religious terms. There are those who love Henry's god, and those who deny Henry's god, and nothing else, and none of those other motivations matter. In Henry's world, everything from microbes to mountains is evaluated solely in the light of his religion, and the only possible merits anything can have are religious merits.
mplavcan · 26 January 2012
Henry · 26 January 2012
phhht · 26 January 2012
Henry · 26 January 2012
Henry · 26 January 2012
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin
... In the beginning of the contest with G. Britain, when we were sensible of danger we had daily prayer in this room for the Divine Protection. – Our prayers, Sir, were heard, and they were graciously answered. All of us who were engaged in the struggle must have observed frequent instances of a Superintending providence in our favor. ... And have we now forgotten that powerful friend? or do we imagine that we no longer need His assistance. I have lived, Sir, a long time and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth – that God governs in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without his notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without his aid? We have been assured, Sir, in the sacred writings that "except the Lord build they labor in vain that build it." I firmly believe this; and I also believe that without his concurring aid we shall succeed in this political building no better than the Builders of Babel: ...I therefore beg leave to move – that henceforth prayers imploring the assistance of Heaven, and its blessings on our deliberations, be held in this Assembly every morning before we proceed to business, and that one or more of the Clergy of this City be requested to officiate in that service.
j. biggs · 26 January 2012
Henry · 26 January 2012
phhht · 26 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 26 January 2012
DS · 26 January 2012
j. biggs · 26 January 2012
Henry · 27 January 2012
apokryltaros · 27 January 2012
Henry · 28 January 2012
Henry · 28 January 2012
Dave Luckett · 28 January 2012
I think totalitarian dictators tend to kill people, Henry.
I think religious fanatics tend to kill people, too.
I want neither in control where I live. So far, they aren't. They're not going to be.
Spare me the crocodile tears over the abortion rate. The data on that is in, Henry. The way to reduce it is to provide objective education to all, especially the young, about sex, sexuality and contraception, and to make effective contraceptives freely and easily available to them. The main obstacle preventing that is the fanatical opposition of religious bigots like you. The redneck right is addicted to ignorance and punishment. You all get off on it.
You really are a piece of work, Henry.
Mike Elzinga · 28 January 2012
Henry · 28 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 28 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 28 January 2012
apokryltaros · 28 January 2012
Scott F · 28 January 2012
Scott F · 28 January 2012
rob · 28 January 2012
Scott F,
Delightful points. Game, set and match to you.
A plain and literal reading of the U.S. Constitution FORBIDS enforcement of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd of the ten commandments.
What were those founding fathers thinking?:)
Henry · 28 January 2012
rob · 28 January 2012
apokryltaros · 28 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 28 January 2012
It is often quite evident that ID/creationists don’t really pay attention in biology classes. If they had, they would have learned about the powerful drives to reproduce that are a part of all living organisms. Sex drives are not indicators of some kind of “depraved sinful nature.”
All living organisms multiply until they hit the limits of growth; and this is what is behind much of evolution. Darwin recognized this from reading Malthus.
However, we now have an interesting development in the evolution of rationally conscious humans. This may be the first species in the history of the planet that has the potential to make a rational choice about outrunning its environmental resources.
That raises some very interesting questions about whether or not they should make such a rational choice, or just “let Nature run its course.”
Issues of marriage have been tied up with ownership and inheritance. But in an overcrowded world, most people will not have anything but genes to pass on. Most people will not own anything in the way of land; they will rent or will be in some kind of feudal relationship with rich landowners.
So we cannot use marriage as an excuse for denying the sex drive. And there is no rationale for prohibiting contraception or making it illegal for people to have sex when contraception is technologically available and cheap.
Henry’s sectarian dogma is out of touch with the realities of biological reproductive drives and with the current state of the human population and land ownership.
If sectarian religion continues to constrain the rational alternatives that are now available to humans, it will simply be evolutionary business as usual.
We could choose to go through the “rigors” of large population decimation, when resources run out, and let natural selection decide what comes out the other end. Or we could make the choice to live within our means by mitigating the population explosion using contraception.
But the choice has an interesting Catch-22 aspect to it. How do we really know if rational limits to growth would actually do a better job than the way natural selection has always worked? What if limiting growth produces a population that doesn’t have sufficient numbers to withstand a devastating hit by some kind of disease or some kind of asteroid?
Henry · 28 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 28 January 2012
rob · 28 January 2012
Henry · 29 January 2012
How about keeping screaming, demanding dictators in check with contraception.
This would be a great ad for Focus on the Family. "Is your kid a tyrant? Focus on the Family has the resources to help you be a great parent"
Dave Luckett · 29 January 2012
The United States was not constituted to embody, preserve or promote Christianity, Henry's form, any form.
It was constituted for the reasons it says it was: "to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity".
There is no mention of Christianity, religion or God in it at all. Nothing. Nada. Read it yourself. It doesn't say anything about it.
The individual thoughts of those who signed the Declaration, or helped write the Constitution, or were there when it happened, is not what founded the United States. What founded the United States was their mutual production: the Constitution. It embodied above all things a willingness to respect one another's rights; rights that Henry wants desperately to destroy. The Founding Fathers would have looked at him and seen their enemy. And being the men they were, they'd have eaten Henry for breakfast.
Those are plain facts. But facts simply don't exist for Henry if they conflict with his religion. Reality is what his religion says it is. We look at him and the others - Byers, FL, Biggy - and we see a pre-modern mind at work. Authority trumps reality, in the minds of the relgious right. There is no room for anything else but authority.
That's why Henry is desperately ferreting through diary entries and personal letters and whatnot. They're authorities, then - so long as they say what he wants. But the actual Constitution of the United States is not an authority, to him, because it doesn't.
The Constitution does not promote Henry's religion - in fact it expressly prohibits government to promote any religion. It does not require a religious qualification for any enactment or office of the State - in fact it expressly forbids it. As Rob says, it does not enforce the top three of the Ten Commandments - in fact, it expressly forbids their enforcement. So it flies in the face of Henry's religion.
So the Constitution - the actual Constitution, the document that exists, the body of ideas it patently enunciates - lacks authority, to Henry. But authority is everything to Henry. So the Constitution is nothing. What it says is irrelevant; an historical curiosity, if Henry were curious about anything, but of no actual importance.
Except that it impedes the enforcement of his creed. The Constitution denies its authority. So the Constitution has to go. It has to be amended, altered, subverted. Destroyed.
Which is what he's about, here, and no doubt elsewhere.
Well, he'll fail.
Ben · 29 January 2012
Henry thinks that Jefferson, Adams, et al., intended for the United States to be constituted as a Christian nation, but simply forgot to make a single mention of God, Jesus, or Christianity anywhere in their document. Wow, that's some oversight; it's a good thing we have Henry here to read the minds of people who died two centuries ago, so we can know what they really meant.
That's right folks, all we need to accept Henry's Christian nation proposition is to assume that the people who wrote the Constitution forgot to include the most important part. OK Henry, whatever.
Mike Elzinga · 29 January 2012
Scott F · 29 January 2012
Scott F · 29 January 2012
stevaroni · 29 January 2012
Richard B. Hoppe · 30 January 2012
j. biggs · 30 January 2012
j. biggs · 30 January 2012
The American Acadamy of Pediatrics also recommends against abstinence only sex education.
j. biggs · 30 January 2012
This study showed that abstinence mandate was far less effective at preventing STDs than a comprehensive sex education program. I will stop there, but there are others.
Henry · 30 January 2012
Henry · 30 January 2012
Henry · 30 January 2012
Henry · 30 January 2012
http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2005/05/more-evidence-of-the-effectiveness-of-abstinence-education-programs
Mike Elzinga · 30 January 2012
Henry fits exactly the profile of EVERY creationist troll that shows up here; they are nothing but mindless, copy/paste robots.
mplavcan · 30 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 30 January 2012
mplavcan · 30 January 2012
Scott F · 30 January 2012
Scott F · 30 January 2012
Mike Elzinga · 30 January 2012
Dave Luckett · 31 January 2012
j. biggs · 31 January 2012
j. biggs · 31 January 2012
Ian Brandon Andersen · 2 February 2012
Henry · 9 February 2012
Henry · 9 February 2012
Correction: began, not became
Dave Luckett · 9 February 2012
No, it doesn't, Henry. It proves that there were idiots and bigots on the bench in 1824. That's all it proves. The men who wrote the first amendment to the Constitution and the Bill of Rights would have given that judge the backs of their hands.
And I see, reading it again, that this "judgement" amounts only to a recital of the judge's opinion. The defendent got off.
https://me.yahoo.com/a/57vt.Vh1yeasb_9YKQq4GyYNFhAbTpY-#b1375 · 9 February 2012
Henry · 9 February 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/57vt.Vh1yeasb_9YKQq4GyYNFhAbTpY-#b1375 · 9 February 2012
Richard B. Hoppe · 9 February 2012
Folks, I think this thread has sunk beneath the waves. Thanks for playing.