This certainly raises interesting theological questions. If a human with a soul breeds with a Neanderthal without one, does the baby get one? Rana may think it's depravity, but really, how is a poor caveman meant to tell whether a Neanderthal has a soul, when we can't detect them even with our fancy machines? Neanderthals made tools, must have worn clothes, hunted cooperatively, buried their dead, and very likely had spoken language. It's hard to see what grounds early humans would have had for shunning them as animals. No sooner had this podcast been released than Green et al. dropped their bombshell about human/Neanderthal interbreeding. RTB responded rapidly, with a double-length podcast featuring Hugh Ross, Fazale Rana, and theologian Kenneth Samples. It contains a rather surreal discussion by Ross, Rana and Samples, with references to such notable scientific sources as Genesis, Jude and Leviticus. The soul quandry I raised above gets settled to their satisfaction, with all three accepting that the 'image of god' (I assume that means the soul) wouldn't be greatly affected by interbreeding. (Whew! glad that's settled...) After all, if Downs syndrome children have a soul, why shouldn't human/Neanderthal crossbreeds? Fair enough, but why not apply the same reasoning to Neanderthals themselves? By all indications, they were also far more capable than Downs syndrome children. When all the Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA evidence showed no evidence of interbreeding with humans, RTB declared that this was strong evidence in support of their model. Logically then, shouldn't evidence of interbreeding count against their model? In fact, as Todd Wood bought to my attention, in 2004 Fazale Rana had said: "If Neanderthals interbred with modern humans, then by definition, they must be human." In the podcast, Reasons To Believe argues that although human/Neanderthal interbreeding seems at first glance to confirm the Answers In Genesis claim that Neanderthals were just normal humans, it's not as straightforward as that when you look at the details. And I think they have a good point. There is enough genetic diversity just among modern humans that it is almost impossible for it to have arisen in the last 10,000 years (the young-earth creationist timeframe) at measured mutation rates. For example, the common ancestor of all human mitochondrial DNA sequences (a.k.a 'mitochondrial Eve') is estimated to have lived about 200,000 years ago (very approximately; I have also seen an estimate of 140,000 years). If you include Neanderthals in the mix, suddenly you've got at least two or three times as much genetic diversity to explain, and only 1/2 to 1/3 as much time for it to happen, because a lot of that diversity had to have happened before the Flood presumably wiped most of it out, say at least 6,000 or 7,000 years ago. And although humans and Neanderthals interbred, they don't seem to be part of a single large interbreeding population - there was very limited interbreeding, something which seems unlikely in a rapidly expanding population. How do young-earth creationists explain all this? Beats me; I've never seen them even try. RTB also decides that the 'humans have Neanderthal genes' finding doesn't fit with evolutionary theory either. That's really drawing a long bow. Here are some of their arguments:If humans and Neanderthals interbred, it's uncomfortable for the RTB view of origins, it's not fatal by any means. It's a bit disgusting, you know, but again you could look at that interbreeding as reflecting human depravity. ... There are commands in the bible against depravity.
Without some calculation to show how many mutations there should be, this is just handwaving. (Assuming this claim is even true; if the scientists said this in the paper, I didn't see it.)"There are very few apparent mutations ... for either humans or Neanderthals. In an evolutionary model you'd expect a lot more mutations to show up in the analysis."
More worthless handwaving. The "78 substitutions" are in fact the number of mutations that have become fixed in the human line (i.e. they're shared by all modern humans). There are probably many other mutations, and elsewhere in the paper it talks about 212 regions of the genome which have been subjected to natural selection. Maybe 78 substitutions are fewer than would have been expected, but that's not the same as being inconsistent with an evolutionary model, nor can one assume that all such substitutions have been found yet."There are only 78 evolutionary substitutions during the last 300,000 years for the hominid line. That's far too few to support a descent of man hypothesis."
Age estimates based on genetic differences are always fuzzy because of the probabilistic nature of mutations, not to mention that different genes might really have different divergence times, and that the Neanderthal genome is still imperfectly known. Even so, they're misrepresenting this. The paper gives one estimate for Neanderthal/human separation as happening between 270,000 and 440,000 years ago. The 850,000 figure must come from a different source, but is probably the top end of another estimated range, rather than an estimate in itself. So they are not comparing two estimates, as they imply, but the top end of a high range with the bottom end of a low range."A range of dates for when humans and Neanderthals split off from a common ancestor markedly conflict. ... you get a date as early as 850,000 years ago or as late as 270,000 years ago. You'd expect consistency."
More misrepresentation. The scientists don't have a genome for the 70,000 year old Neanderthal from Mezmaiskaya. They generated a small amount of DNA data from that fossil and a couple of others, and compared it to the mostly complete genome from the other three bones. There were no significant differences, but that's hardly a surprise. As the scientists said: "...these estimates are relatively uncertain due to the limited amount of DNA sequence data". And given that Neanderthals separated from humans some hundreds of thousands ago, the 20,000 or 30,000 years separating Mezmaiskaya from the other Neanderthals isn't much. The RTB claim that genetic differences, which are an imprecise measuring stick at the best of times, should be able to readily distinguish similarly aged fossils from small amounts of DNA is just ... words fail me. In short, it's hard to take Reasons To Believe's objections seriously. Old earth creationists are often thought of as being more "science-friendly" than young-earthers, in that they don't want to throw out as much of modern science - they're OK with the findings of geology and astronomy, for example. But Answers In Genesis at least pays lip service to the idea that transitional fossils would be evidence for evolution. Reasons To Believe's approach is to argue that any difference from modern humans, no matter how trivial, means that a fossil is a soulless non-human. It's a fundamentally dishonest argument that defines away any possibility that a transitional fossil could exist. It's also unfalsifiable; we're not going to find fossil evidence for the lack (or existence) of a soul. For another view of the RTB podcast, read young-earth creationist Todd C. Wood's three-part review of it here, here and here. (Wood's blog is worth reading, by the way - he's honest and smart.)"They also threw in the genome of a 70,000 year old Neanderthal to contrast with the three that were dating at 40,000 years ago and they couldn't see a difference."
102 Comments
nonsense · 10 June 2010
Haha, is "design-affirming" the new p.c. term for "science-denying"?
[This comment refers to the previous comment which was deleted for inappropriate content.]
Dave C · 10 June 2010
Better trolls, please. Also, I'd advise against anybody clicking on the link in the troll's post.
Rolf Aalberg · 10 June 2010
RBH · 10 June 2010
I strongly recommend that Jim Foley edit Big Sonichu Fan's URL to indicate it's NSFW. I'll also make that recommendation via the PT backchannel.
fasteddie · 10 June 2010
Nothin wrong with hitting some hot Neanderthal skank now and then.
Eric J · 10 June 2010
Its very telling that a ID'er who claims "Darwiniacs" are perverted retards would know about the link he posted. I had never seen that until today. Who's polluting who, Big Sonichu Fan?
Reinard · 10 June 2010
Call me crazy but shouldn't they first prove that a soul exists before trying to figure out whether or not Neanderthals had them? Seems like a very sloppy methodology to me.
DistendedPendulusFrenulum · 10 June 2010
I am disappointed they didn't identify the Neanderthals as the Nephilim.
Ntrsvic · 10 June 2010
What I thought was great in the original paper was that they brought up all the diseases that are associated with all the genes that have experienced positive evolution since Homo Sapiens Sapiens split with Homo Sapiens Neanderthalis (I am assuming that since they could interbreed, this is the correct naming now, where as if they couldn't, the name would be H. Sapiens and H. Neanderthalis). Most interesting of them was the disease (I am forgetting the name) that when people suffer from it they gain a barrel chest, recessed forehead and a protuding brow...you know, like a Neanderthal...
SWT · 10 June 2010
MrG · 10 June 2010
Michael Roberts · 10 June 2010
Many evangelicals believe that the soul is something added onto a body , rather than seeing humans as a psychosomatic unity which is the view of moderate evangelicals eg Malcolm Jeeves a psychologist and other Christians.
Hence RTB and YEC will say that Neanderthals have no soul .
This trichotomous view of humans ie people are souls with legs on is common to all Creationists whether OE or YE
JGB · 10 June 2010
Not having run the exact kinds of calculations, but don't you get into the realm of the absurd in trying to explain a model where Eurpoeans and Asian have a small number of Neanderthal like sequences, and African humans don't while trying to work around both 10,000 years and the Flood bottle neck? I am having difficulty trying to figure out a sequence of events that will reproduce the data let alone calculate the crazy low probability on the population genetics side.
David Fickett-Wilbar · 10 June 2010
Jim Foley · 10 June 2010
Michael Roberts: YECs don't say Neanderthals have no soul; quite the opposite. Not that there's much evidence for that, of course, but at least it's consistent with their opinion that humans have souls.
JGB: Yes, my point exactly.
Sonichu's comment is gone (and the next comment amended to hopefully make clear what everyone is referring to).
Re the Nephilim: Yes, the RTBers discussed the Nephilim, but decided that they couldn't have been Neanderthals.
harold · 10 June 2010
It appears that at least some modern humans, or their close ancestors, could mate with neanderthals and have viable offspring. Hardly surprising.
It's easy to think of scenarios that would explain the approximate percentage of neanderthal genetics in the modern human genome.
1) If there were about 2-4% as many neanderthals at the time of contact and there was more or less undiscriminating interbreeding.
2) If the two groups tended to live in roughly different territories, but frontier zones between the groups contained mixed lineage individuals.
raven · 10 June 2010
Just Bob · 10 June 2010
Remember, there were TWO Goliaths, according to our YEC trolls, because there are conflicting stories about someone named Goliath--so there had to be two, right? (Now, YECs, were either Neanderthal?) But there COULD NOT POSSIBLY have been two or more Jesi, despite the fact that there are absolutely conflicting stories about someone named Jesus, especially on Easter morning.
In other words, pay no attention to what the Bible actually says. They'll tell you what it means. In fact, you're better off not reading it at all. Most of them never have.
Henry J · 10 June 2010
Big Sonichu Fan · 11 June 2010
Joel · 11 June 2010
"Here we have yet another case of evolutionists using repression to avoid attention called to the truth about themselves!"
Uh, no. This is a case of evolutionists deleting your post that contained a link to a porn site to avoid calling attention to the sordid truth about you!
Helena Constantine · 11 June 2010
MrG · 11 June 2010
Mike Elzinga · 11 June 2010
fnxtr · 11 June 2010
Kayleen · 11 June 2010
Does the fact that Asians/Europeans have Neanderthal ancestry of 1-4 percent mean that there is a biological or scientific difference between Asians/Europeans and Africans, who do not have any such ancestry?
Ntrsvic · 11 June 2010
Ntrsvic · 11 June 2010
harold · 11 June 2010
Ntrsvic · 11 June 2010
harold · 11 June 2010
Dale Husband · 11 June 2010
Ntrsvic · 11 June 2010
harold · 11 June 2010
Dale Husband -
I believe that particularly extreme parody troll has been booted.
Intentionally or not, it was actually a decent parody of the kind of tormented raving homophobia, actually driven by self-hatred and barely secret over-the-top decadent indulgences in virtually all the drug and sex habits they claim to condemn, that characterizes many real creationists.
harold · 11 June 2010
Ntsrvic -
No problems, man, I didn't think you were.
We're on the same side here.
Peter Henderson · 11 June 2010
CS Shelton · 11 June 2010
I find myself trying to imagine what the deleted linked image was that would have supported creepy creationist arguments, and what I came up with was sufficiently disturbing that I immediately regretted the endeavor.
Lalala, think nice thoughts, lalala!
Oh, there's a lousy quote in the Nature article about the New Mexico group from a scientist that wasn't joining the dots right. "There is a little bit of Neanderthal leftover in almost all humans, he says." ... Well, since the article paraphrases, I'll assume it was the journalist's mistake. Most Africans (not African Americans who are mostly part white) would be left out of the sentiment "almost all humans," which I think is a little rude.
But yes, I am glad to know I'm a lil' Neandertal. It paints a less ugly view of early humanity that our closest cousins weren't utterly extirpated by genocide and exclusion. Much love for the cavemen!
Also, I MUST KNOW MORE about the x woman! How interesting is that idea? Hominid genes from an unknown species concurrent with our ancestors? Awesome! Or even if it's a known species, it's one we have no genes for, like late erectus or whatnot. Equally awesome!
WTF · 11 June 2010
I thought Mitochondrial Eve had to do with the folks from Battlestar Galatica?
Joshua Zelinsky · 11 June 2010
This certainly raises interesting theological questions. If a human with a soul breeds with a Neanderthal without one, does the baby get one? Rana may think it’s depravity, but really, how is a poor caveman meant to tell whether a Neanderthal has a soul, when we can’t detect them even with our fancy machines? Neanderthals made tools, must have worn clothes, hunted cooperatively, buried their dead, and very likely had spoken language. It’s hard to see what grounds early humans would have had for shunning them as animals.
One might posit that they would act akin to Simon Browne, the man who claimed to have lost his soul. See http://hpy.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/7/26/257 This would actually be testable if we could clone a Neanderthal and see how similar they acted to humans.
Dave Luckett · 11 June 2010
Like many other scientific facts, the idea of H. neanderthalis - H. sapiens interfertility gives me an idea for a SF novel, set, say, fifty thousand years ago. And if you think it would have nothing to do with the current world, I have one word to say to you, just one word: exogamy.
Ntrsvic · 12 June 2010
David Utidjian · 12 June 2010
Henry J · 12 June 2010
Dave Luckett · 12 June 2010
Yes, I know about the Crichton and Jean Auel. I don't mean either one. This would be a love story and a tragedy. At the moment, I'm explaining the fact that King Arthur had knights, ie armoured cavalry, but I'll get to it. Maybe.
CS Shelton · 13 June 2010
The cretins in The 13th Warrior were supposed to be neanderthals? So rude! OK, I understand some neanderthal remains were found with evidence for a cannibalism, but there's been a lot of sites with none of that.
Also, I suspect hominids learned from each other, so that any extant hominid species that wasn't clever enough to invent something might steal the idea from a neighbor. Which is to say, I don't think a relict Neanderthal population would be degenerates. They'd be using metal, eating reasonable diets, not worshipping a paleolithic venus, and probably passing off as a weird-looking tribe of humans.
Don't talk smack about your uncle Neanderthal, is what I'm saying. Sorry Crichton didn't live to see these studies.
CS Shelton · 13 June 2010
Oh, and a movie with neanderthal/human interbreeding:
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082484/
Bonus: Naked Rae Dawn Chong!
John Kwok · 13 June 2010
Stanton · 13 June 2010
David Utidjian · 13 June 2010
I get your point.
Apparently African lions and the Asian tiger can interbreed with viable offspring (tigon? liger?) yet one would hardly call them the same species.
I suppose if I were a creationist I would conclude that they must have come from the same "created kind" that was on the ark.
Otto J. Mäkelä · 14 June 2010
Ntrsvic · 14 June 2010
DS · 14 June 2010
So the fact that some mutations can cause reversion to the ancestral condition is taken by creationists as somehow disproving evolution. Neanderthals are distinct from modern humans genetically, morphologically and culturally. Whether they are defined as a separate species or not, they are obviously related to modern humans, so evolution must be true. Why is this so hard for some people to grasp?
Ntrsvic · 14 June 2010
Michael J · 14 June 2010
Slightly off topic but does anybody know how many Old Earth Creationists there are? I've always thought that once you have caved in and gave up believing in a young earth it would be a slippery slope down to reality. Also I would imagine that there would be a huge divergence of views on whether life got created in one go, or whether life appeared as per the fossil record.
Dave Luckett · 15 June 2010
To be an Old Earth Creationist, you have to admit some of the evidence, which means that you'd have to have some notion of what evidence is. There can't be that many who can manage so delicate a balancing act. Far easier to simply wall all of it out, or operate on an even more basic level, by not knowing or caring what the evidence for evolution consists of, specifically, or what evidence is, in general.
So no, I don't know. I can find no data that bears directly on the question of what proportion of creationists accept an ancient earth. That's probably a different proportion from those who accept ancient life, which is in turn a different proportion from those who accept that life appeared in the order given by the fossil record. And so on.
Going on the small number of creationists I have seen here and elsewhere - and I caution that the sample is NOT significant - but I would guess that the vast majority are YEC, defined as believing that life was created by direct fiat of God, in its various "kinds", which remain essentially unchanged, on the order of ten thousand years ago.
The real sticking point seems to me to be universal common descent.
SEF · 15 June 2010
Mark In Durango · 15 June 2010
This is an interesting discussion, as a layman I am unqualified to make any arguments regarding the similarities of DNA between these two species. I can however, make qualified comments as to what the scriptures say about such matters. The Bible is clear that Angels bred with the daughters of men and the result was a hybrid which was called “Nephilim” Gen. 6:4. Further if one researches the root meaning of “Nephilim” in Hebrew, we understand the word to describe Fellers, as in Fellers of men, which was why the Earth became filled with violence and was corrupt Gen 6:12. It should not be surprising then, that we find evidence of the offspring of this joining and that there are similarities in the genetic code. As these offspring were not son’s of Adam, but rather the result of Angels "forsaking" their proper station in the cosmos, and choosing to cohabitate with a lower life form (Humans were created “a little lower” than angels) they would therefore be humanoid, but not human. As this was not part of God’s purpose regarding human creation, they would not be beneficiaries of the Ransom Sacrifice as provided by the Son of God, only the offspring of Adam are. The argument of whether or not they have souls then becomes irrelevant.
Mark In Durango · 15 June 2010
Dave Luckett · 15 June 2010
Dave Luckett · 15 June 2010
Mark In Durango implied that he thinks the Nephilim of Genesis 6:4 were Neanderthals, not a Hebrew myth, and then babbled nonsense. He also tells us that he knows what God's purposes were with human evolution. Uh-huh.
He believes in an old Earth. He also believes that the Theory of Evolution is religion, and not tenable from the "scientific" point of view.
So he's slightly more selective in his delusions than Ken Ham, but not a lot. Feh.
Malchus · 16 June 2010
Dave Luckett · 16 June 2010
henry · 16 June 2010
Dave Luckett · 16 June 2010
Funny, henry, I thought the bloke you think was God told us that we are all sons and daughters of God. I seem to remember him telling us to address God as "our father", anyway.
SEF · 16 June 2010
Dave Luckett · 16 June 2010
Do you always use a flamethrower on anyone who differs from you, however politely? Or are you just like this about religion?
SEF · 16 June 2010
Neither - and you misrepresent your post as being polite when, in reality, it was a fake version of that.
My responses are generally quite carefully pitched in proportion to the level of stupidity, ignorance, dishonesty or general scumminess of the person disagreeing (/posting). Someone who was genuinely civil and had a genuine point to make would have received a very different type of reply (eg recent posts about music and the post to Michael J that you leapt on) than someone who is setting out to be disagreeable (eg not reading and thinking properly before replying but instead deliberately misconstruing everything as far as possible) and refusing to recognise a previous gentle correction on the necessity of precisely specifying the intended question.
Dave Luckett · 16 June 2010
SEF · 16 June 2010
Dave Luckett · 16 June 2010
SEF · 16 June 2010
Could you manage to stop being so insultingly idiotic all the time?
Going back to your post which was incompetently leaping on my reply to Michael J, and explaining more slowly for the hard of thinking:
Why exactly am I suppose to put up with your moronic stream of consciousness as you contrive to misconstrue my post piece by piece? When your brain finally starts to do a bit of catching up and gets an inkling of what I'm talking about (which looks to be happening a few blockquotes and insults down into your post), it credits that insight to itself instead of to me.
What you should have done was read the whole reply I'd posted and then make your genuinely best effort to comprehend the intent (as I do and any other genuinely polite rather than fakely polite person does), rather than to deliberately put the worst spin on each part of the cumulative argument that you could while your brain was still stuck in neutral.
If you really and truly can't think without typing out loud (perhaps your lips also move while you read), then you should have gone back and deleted your transparently disagreeable notes once you had realised that my point was both correct and extremely important. You could still have posted the tiny little bit about how you personally only care about some other specific subset of creationists (and what you'd like the rest of the world to call that, even if they don't do so).
When you stop behaving like scum, I'll stop treating you like scum.
Dave Luckett · 16 June 2010
I'll leave this to be judged by others, and give myself the pleasure of wishing you a very good day.
Mark In Durango · 16 June 2010
Dave Luckett · 16 June 2010
What a charming position. Under fire from both sides at once.
Mark in Durango, you said that the theory of evolution was a religion. It is no such thing, because it has neither dogma nor ritual, metaphysical beliefs nor trancendental ones, says nothing of God or gods, teaches no rules of conduct and makes no appeal to authority, divine or otherwise. Like all science, it considers only material, physical evidence, and it makes no statement whatsoever about the divine, the ineffable, or the supernatural. To call it a religion in the face of these facts is grossly delusional.
You also said that the theory of evolution is not scientifically tenable. This also is delusional, demonstrated as such by the fact that about 99.8% of actual scientists not only think it tenable, but hold it to be demonstrated fact. Not only is it scientifically tenable, it is as well-proven an explanation for the diversity of life on earth as it's possible to have. Against it there is not one single piece of solid contrary evidence. Nothing. For it there are mountains. To say otherwise is simply to ignore reality.
You also said that you know why God created human beings. You don't, and to say you do is delusional. Not to mention hubristic to a nauseating degree.
One delusion can be misspeaking, two can be mistaken. Three times is delusional.
You're delusional.
Just Bob · 16 June 2010
Why is someone who disagrees with you on a religious matter a "Lib"? If you in fact accept an old Earth, doesn't that make you a "Lib" from the point of view of most creationists? As you used it there, what exactly does "Lib" mean, anyway?
MrG · 16 June 2010
Mark In Durango · 16 June 2010
MrG · 16 June 2010
Just Bob · 16 June 2010
And we have now conclusively proven that there in fact is no life on Earth!
MrG · 16 June 2010
henry · 16 June 2010
Michael J · 16 June 2010
Another reason I was thinking about OECs is that Dembski is getting some flack from YECs about his latest book where he tries to reconcile the scriptures against an old universe
Malchus · 16 June 2010
Michael J · 16 June 2010
MrG · 16 June 2010
J. Biggs · 16 June 2010
fnxtr · 16 June 2010
Ha ha ha:
Ad homonym attack: "You sound like an idiot."
Mark In Durango · 16 June 2010
fnxtr · 16 June 2010
Malchus · 16 June 2010
Stanton · 16 June 2010
Creationists and other evolution-deniers constantly whine about having evolution "forced down (their) throats," yet, when they open their mouths about evolution, they demonstrate they know absolutely nothing, nada, zilch about evolution or science beyond the lies and deliberate misinformation that infest creationist propaganda.
Dave Luckett · 17 June 2010
MrG · 17 June 2010
Natman · 17 June 2010
If abiogenesis or the development of a specific protein is considered to have a probability of 'exactly' zero, then what are the chances of a being existing, forever and eternal, with omnipotent powers and an omniscient vision that just happened to create the entire universe, in only 6 days, for no discernable purpose whatsoever other than to condem billions of sentient people to eternal damnation?
I'd say, given the first examples have evidence and theories to support them, and the latter relies on pure Faith, it's better to put your trust in the former.
It struck me as strange that any religiously inspired person neglects to consider that if God created the world and gave us free will, but the consequence of using that free will to do something he doesn't like is punishment forever, then in creating that world, he instantly condemned all those people he knew wouldn't do as they're told. Strange. He might as well of created 50 billion people, thrown most into hell, kept a few as his pets and not bothered with the whole 'Earth' thing.
At least with a view of the universe as being random and unintelligent all the deaths and 'suffering' over the millenia have some purpose and, in some small way, they contributed to genetic progress.
J. Biggs · 17 June 2010
J. Biggs · 17 June 2010
Did anyone else note that he used Rana as one of his authorities after Jim thoroughly discredited him in his post? It just goes to show that many creationists don't even bother to read the topic before they comment on it.
dNorrisM · 17 June 2010
Hello, RE: SF stories, The color of neanderthal eyes by Tiptree is also pretty good. Here's a review.
The gist:
Neanderthal=Good.
Homo sapiens= Bad.
henry · 17 June 2010
SEF · 17 June 2010
Dave Luckett · 17 June 2010
I must admit I never thought I'd see PT become the vehicle for two creationists to air their differences about the meaning of scripture. But by all means, gentlemen. We're tolerant here. Well, mostly.
So, how many angels is it again that can dance on the head of a pin? And does it take two to tango?
CS Shelton · 18 June 2010
CS Shelton · 18 June 2010
Oh yeah... Neanderthals was the topic. I bet everyone on this thread is part neanderthal. Any pure Africans talking? That being the case, respect your elders!