So while science is advancing at a quick pace, some Intelligent Design proponents are still stuck in last decade, wonder where do eyes come from. Compare the output of science with the output of Intelligent Design as it applies to our understanding of the evolution of the eye and ask yourself a simple question: How does ID explain the eye? The answer or lack thereof may shock you and yet that is the full extent of ID's contribution to science. Nothing. The paper by Young can be found here, titled " Number and arrangement of extraocular muscles in primitive gnathostomes: evidence from extinct placoderm fishes"A SECOND publication this week by Australian National University scientists on the evolution of the eye has rebuffed intelligent design proponents who argue that such a complex organ could not have been arrived at gradually. Paleobiologist Gavin Young discovered in a 400-million-year-old exposed former tropical reef that a fossil of a placoderm, a bone-covered predator fish, had eye casings that showed a transitional arrangement of muscles and nerves. Earlier, ANU Centre of Excellence in Vision Science head Trevor Lamb published a paper that called the deep-sea hagfish, with primitive photoreceptors for eyes, the missing link in the evolution of the organ of sight. Dr Young's placoderm and its visible muscle and nerve canals were evidence of an intermediate stage between jawless and jawed vertebrates, he said. "It is transitional ... in that it is the only example among all living jawed species and all extinct jawed vertebrates where we have the combination of jaws plus a primitive eye muscle arrangement." The eyeball was connected to the braincase by cartilage, as in modern sharks, and there was a primitive eye muscle arrangement as in living jawless fish. Dr Young said that arrangement was different from all modern vertebrates, in which there is a consistent pattern of tiny muscles for rotating each eyeball. Creationists and proponents of intelligent design argue that knowledge of evolution is gleaned from living creatures and that there is no historical evidence of evolution.
As a reminder, Darwin's comments, which are often presented out of context to suggest that evolution cannot explain the eye, read as followsAbstract : Exceptional braincase preservation in some Devonian placoderm fishes permits interpretation of muscles and cranial nerves controlling eye movement. Placoderms are the only jawed vertebrates with anterior/posterior obliques as in the jawless lamprey, but with the same function as the superior/inferior obliques of other gnathostomes. Evidence of up to seven extraocular muscles suggests that this may be the primitive number for jawed vertebrates. Two muscles innervated by cranial nerve 6 suggest homologies with lampreys and tetrapods. If the extra muscle acquired by gnathostomes was the internal rectus, Devonian fossils show that it had a similar insertion above and behind the eyestalk in both placoderms and basal osteichthyans.
and continuesTo suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree. (Darwin 1872)
Darwin continues with three more pages describing a sequence of plausible intermediate stages between eyelessness and human eyes, giving examples from existing organisms to show that the intermediates are viable. Source: Index to Creationist Claims: Claim CA113.1: Charles Darwin acknowledged the inadequacy of evolution Not surprisingly, science has been slowly uncovering the pathways of eye evolution and found that contrary to creationist beliefs, natural pathways seem to exist. No wonder that some creationists are still stuck in last decade as scientific knowledge has closed many of the gaps that existed then. I hope to discuss this paper and the Nature paper on eye evolution in an upcoming posting as they show how science goes about closing gaps of ignorance and how ID stands by unable to contribute much of anything other than pointing out that there are still gaps remaining.Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real. How a nerve comes to be sensitive to light, hardly concerns us more than how life itself first originated; but I may remark that several facts make me suspect that any sensitive nerve may be rendered sensitive to light, and likewise to those coarser vibrations of the air which produce sound. (Darwin 1872, 143-144)
52 Comments
Ian · 18 December 2007
"...science keeps on closing gaps."
Don't you mean that science keeps on opening two gaps for every one that it closes?!
(Just kidding!)
Ondoher · 18 December 2007
When it comes to eye evolution, they rather seem not even stuck in last century, but the one before that.
Ravilyn Sanders · 18 December 2007
Mr_Christopher · 18 December 2007
Bill Gascoyne · 18 December 2007
Glen Davidson · 18 December 2007
http://tinyurl.com/2kxyc7
Mike from Ottawa · 18 December 2007
"Someone who has not been banned from UD should post an invite to Dembski to drop by and examine the evidence."
Dembski would just point out that you don't have the eyeball itself with the lens, retina, cornea, etc all intact. Of course if some wonderfull Lagerstatten did turn up such a find, it would be 'Blah, blah, blah, pathetic level of detail, yadda, yadda, yadda. Did I mention I'm a genius? Yak, yak, yak.'
rimpal · 18 December 2007
...should post an invite to Dembski to drop by and examine the evidence Evidence? Weee don't neeed no steeenking evidence! You think the guy really understands this stuff?
Tim Fuller · 18 December 2007
These so-called ID scientists aren't looking for any truth other than what they perceive to be in the Bible. I am aware that they claim (ID) independence from wacko creationists, but I am also aware of Barbara Forrest's work that proves the contrary.
Enjoy.
David K · 18 December 2007
The only way to satisfy a creationist/ID'er is when someone will actually catch a dinosaur fossil with their pants down, i.e., in the act of begetting the next generation. Until that time, there will always be an infinite number of gaps to close, and even then the creationist will not accept it.
FL · 18 December 2007
Mr_Christopher · 18 December 2007
FL you're too funny.
Um, would you mind telling is what the scientific theory of intelligent design is? Thanks
Gary F · 18 December 2007
I would like to read the paper but I'm not affiliated with a university, and the website won't let me see it unless I pay them $30. Could someone please send it to me? My email address is gary2863@gmail.com.
NGL · 18 December 2007
Stanton · 18 December 2007
Dale Husband · 18 December 2007
GuyeFaux · 18 December 2007
Steverino · 18 December 2007
FL,
What you know about biology, the evolution of the eye...or science, for that matter, you could shove up a gnat's ass and have room for an icecube.
KenGee · 18 December 2007
How God what the eye five or six times, by WD and MB.
The IDiots will add it to their list of papers they'll get around to producing one day. And when they do then you'll see the Darwinist utopia fall.
Did you see that Miss Iblogcrap Leary has got yet another blog repeating the crap she normally comes out with, what is it with these people that they have 4 or 5 blog going at the same time talking about the same things. Is the idea to make it look like there are more of them?
mplavcan · 18 December 2007
FL:
Apart from your own or anybody else's incredulity (and ignorance, as pointed out above) about how the eye could evolve, would you please explain how any of the developmental, comparative, genetic, or paleontological evidence that corroborates the long-standing predictions of eye-evolution made in Darwin's time, fails to constitute support for the hypothesis? For example, could you personally expound on your insights into developmental homologies of the ocular muscles in vertebrates, or the comparative and developmental homologies between ocular structures among different animals? I am also curious about your personal insights into the comparative genetics of opsin genes, and how these are in fact inconsistent with the evolution of color vision? For that matter, your knowledge of the comparative anatomy of retinal summation might help us understand how such structures could not evolve as a consequence of selection on natural variation.
Once again, I'm waiting for you to present some evidence. And please, no quotes from Dembski, Coulter, TV guide, yourself, or any other of your normal sources. You can easily access the primary literature on this. My mind is open to the evidence.
I'm waiting....
blackant · 18 December 2007
Eye is simple physics and chemistry
It is the easiest optical system in physics -- one focusing lens. That is, most eyes, fish, people, etc.
There is only one transparent protein -- any deviation isn't transparent, producing a greatly reduced chance of reproduction for the unfortunate creature that has it.
The eye spot -- look at planaria for instance -- that becomes curved to focus has an advantage. Nerves and retinas evolve with it.
This is not a hard thing to understand. Should be easy to explain to anyone who has fallen under the spell of creationists. Sadly, I once heard no less a literary light than John Irving on the radio declaiming about the 'complexity' of the eye.
(I don't know anything scientific about bees' eyes -- those do seem complicated to me.!)
Paul Burnett · 18 December 2007
Father Wolf · 18 December 2007
How often do creationists discover fossils that completely confound the experts, and don't fit into MET at all?
Stanton · 18 December 2007
dhogaza · 19 December 2007
Dale Husband · 19 December 2007
sparc · 19 December 2007
Reynold Hall · 19 December 2007
As usual, UD won't post my comments, so for the hell of it, I'll reply to bornagain77 here...
bornagain77:
In fact from the crushing evidence coming in from genetics, molecular analysis of proteins, coupled with the fossil record, it seems that the imagination of evolutionary scientists is given more weight in biology than the evidence has now been given.
You have got to be joking, right?
What is a deep profound mystery, that I have a very hard time understanding, is why is this one mans pathology, for inventing cunningly devised fables, persisting in science, and indeed, defies being brought to the justice of overwhelming evidence now present in science?
Here's an even better question: Have you ever known of any little boy who did not make up stuff from time to time? Darwin actually admitted it, at least.
Unless you can show that Dembski et al have, unlike every other human, never told a lie as a child, then you'd have to disregard what they say as adults, just as you're trying to do with Darwin.
Besides, unlike ID, evolution actually has physical evidence for it. (provided you actually look at the links)
Ravilyn Sanders · 19 December 2007
JGB · 19 December 2007
Of course it's not like there is good molecular evidence that there are multiple different proteins that can readily take over the function of forming the eye lens. Oh wait there are completely different proteins in different taxa that are used to build the lens. in birds for example the so-called crystallin is actually arginiosuccinate lyase. Better no for being part of the urea cycle. Even more interesting is that the match between sequences is so close that some of the crystallin proteins still retain significant arginiosuccinate lyase activity. Others don't as one of the key active site amino acids is mutated and is apparently not key to the proteins optical function.
FL · 19 December 2007
David Stanton · 19 December 2007
FL wrote:
"Now, your turn. Ttell me exactly how the human eye evolved from no-eye-at-all, just explain it step by step, and don’t leave those many gaps unfilled, okay? Thanks in advance."
Well I'm not going to take the bait. We don't have to rise to your pathetic level of detail... oh never mind.
Seriously, apparently FL will never believe any scientific explanation unless all questions are definitively answered once and for all and no questions remain whatsoever. Well, all I can say is that that attitute betrays a profound ignorance of science. It is an unreasonable expectation and one that is only characteristic of people who believe they have the ultimate Truth already. It sure doesn't have anything to do with what science is or the way that science works.
Just for the record, science seeks to construct theories that explain all of the available evidence. The conclusions are always tentative and there is always more to learn. The question is never whether we have all the answers or not. The question is only whether we have the best possible explanation for the available evidence. In this case, all of the evidence from many independent fields once again converges on the exact same answer. The eye evolved. We know the genes involved. We know many of the intermediate stages. We know the timing of events and even the lineages in which they occured. We don't have all the answers, we probably never will. SO WHAT?
Now if FL can do better than that, fine. Let him explain the evidence more convincingly. Let him provide a better explanation. "Poof" will definately not do here. Did ID predict the discovery of this fossil? Can ID explain it? Can ID explain the genetic events that have occured in the genes involved in the evolution of the eye? If they have a better exolanation where is it? If they have all the answers, surely they have published somewhere. Well, maybe not in a real journal, but somewhere. Demanding all the answers from others and providing none yourself is not intellectually honest.
Stanton · 19 December 2007
David vun Kannon · 19 December 2007
mplavcan · 19 December 2007
FL:
I'm still waiting. Your only reply to people is a request for a detailed step-by-step explanation. In broad brush strokes, that's easy, and all steps are represented in the natural world and fossil record. Photosensitive neural cells are concentrated in one spot (a primitive retina). Epithelium covering said cells becomes transparent. Fluid sac appears between covering and photoreceptors. Photoreceptors are wired for more refined detection of edges and movement through summation and patterns of stimulation and inhibition of neighboring cells. Epithelium over the sac thickens in the middle, tending to focus light on the retina. Somatic musculature near the eye differentiates allowing movement of the tissue mass. Everything else is just fine-tuning.
But this exercise, of course, is silly, because your requirement is little more than the classic "move the goal post" tactic whereby you will ultimately not accept any evidence whatsoever. In the real world, naturalists made some pretty astonishing and counter-intuitive predictions that eyes have evolved. These predictions have been corroborated over and over and over again with evidence from comparative anatomy, development, paleontology, and now overwhelmingly genetics. Meanwhile, the model is able to explain a wide variety of weird observations in nature. ALL SCIENCE works this way. Sadly, you can't make up the rules to suit yourself as you go along, just because you don't like the conclusion.
Meanwhile, yet again, you utterly fail to provide the least shred of evidence for your stance. I'm still waiting.
Mr_Christopher · 19 December 2007
Stanton · 19 December 2007
NGL · 19 December 2007
xavier wise · 19 December 2007
NGL:
Ha! Brilliant! Best smackdown I've read yet.
I'm just an average (arts) schmoe and I know very little about science; I leave that to the experts. Why on Earth these IDiots can't see that they know even less than I do is beyond my comprehension. But I do know a thing or two about writing, and thus I'm going to snip the above post and put it in my collection of Brilliant Things I've Found Online, located in my Directory Of Things To Remind Me I'm Not The Only Non-Retard Left In America.
So thank you.
* * *
Bill Gascoyne · 19 December 2007
Voltaire (1694-1778) "The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, but wiser people so full of doubts."
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)
mplavcan · 19 December 2007
Why? Because they have declared their own truth, and refuse to deny any of it now matter what. Science is just a word that needs to be coopted to convert people to the faith.
Cut and pasted from the Answers in Genesis Web site...
"No apparent, perceived or claimed evidence in any field, including history and chronology, can be valid if it contradicts the Scriptural record."
I'll give the AiG credit -- at least they don't lie. Folks like Dembski simply lie. They claim publicly that ID has nothing to do with religion, or God, as quoted so gullibly (?) by FL, then write
"Intelligent design is just the Logos theology of John's Gospel restated in the idiom of information theory" (Dembski 1999, 84).
Please FL, I'm simply dying to know how explain THAT one form da man hisself!
Stuart Weinstein · 20 December 2007
FL writes:
"Now, your turn. Tell me exactly how the human eye evolved from no-eye-at-all, just explain it step by step, and don’t leave those many gaps unfilled, okay? Thanks in advance."
It could be raining cats and dogs, but unless we observe each and every rain drop, FL would deny that its raining.
FL, we will probably never be able to answer your question to your satisfaction. However, since science doesn't demand we do, it doesn't concern us. There are a plethora of eyes in nature, ranging in complexity from the simple light sensitive ganaglia of a flatworm to the complex vertebrate eye. I don't think it requires genius to draw up the general outlines of eye evolution. Darwin did it 150 years ago when we understood much less.
Now that we have that out of the way, how does ID "theory" explain the upside down vertebrate retina? Were there two designers? One for the vertebrate retina and another for the mollusc retina? Perhaps a third designer for the
compound eye of insects? All of them bearing the Logos theology of St. John's Gospel?
Stuart Weinstein · 20 December 2007
FL wrote
"Now, your turn. Ttell me exactly how the human eye evolved from no-eye-at-all, just explain it step by step, and don’t leave those many gaps unfilled, okay? Thanks in advance."
It could be raining cats and dogs and unless we observed every rain drop FL would deny its even raining.
FL, fortunately science doesn't demand the level of detail you require. Anybody can set some arbitrary burden of evidence and make the bar high as they want in an effort to avoid having to confront the vast amount of data there already is. If you wish to remain inetllectually paralyzed, that is OK with me. Just understand that your intellectual paralysis is self-inflicted. IF science waited until all of the intellectual gaps in a theory were filled before moving on to other matters and avenues of research we'd still be somwhere in the 17th century. Lo, all science demands is testable propositions and actually testing them. It doesn't demand we know and document each and every mutation that has occurred in the course of eye evolution. Again, that is simply an arbitrary burden of proof creato babblers concoct so they can relieve themselves of the burden of actually understanding what is known, and what the implications of that knowledge are. No, its much easier to be smug and demand a ridiculous amount of detailed evidence. FL has confused being scientific with invincible ignorance. By placing such an arbitrary burden FL has relieved himself of the burden of independent thought and has safely shrouded himself with invincible ignorance. You're intellectually invisible now FL. Congratulations.
You are not to be mocked, FL. Merely pitied.
The broad outlines of eye evolution were apparent to Darwin; nature has a diverse number of eye types ranging in complexity form the simple light sensitive ganglia of a flatworm to the complex vertebrate eye. We don't have to fill in every detail of what occurred.
OF course the IDer's can't give us any details. They can't even tell us how many designers were involved or what exatcly was designed. Was the vertebrate eye with its upside down retina the work of one designer and the molluscan eye with its right side up retina designed by another designer? Perhaps a third to deign the compound eyes of insects?
No, basic questions of how many designers, how they designed and when they did it, IDers can't answer. But that doesn't stop them from demanding a much higher burden of evidence from scientists. In addition to being intellectually dishonest, they reek of hypocrisy.
Hopefully with a little febreeze the stench of anti-inetllectualism and hypocrisy will go away.
Reynold Hall · 20 December 2007
mplavcan · 20 December 2007
Agreed: my mistake of omission. Yes, Ken Hamm and company do a lot of that. But the point was only that they don't pretend that they are something other than what they are -- something about which Dembski is almost pathalogic.
yqbd · 21 December 2007
What are the steps for eye evolution that has evidence now?
If you don't want to give every step from "no-eye-at-all" to "the human eye evolved", what are steps you can explain?
Is there a flow chart or some organized outline and details somewhere?
yqbd · 21 December 2007
Stuart Weinstein · 21 December 2007
yqbd said:
"What are the steps for eye evolution that has evidence now?
If you don’t want to give every step from “no-eye-at-all” to “the human eye evolved”, what are steps you can explain?
Is there a flow chart or some organized outline and details somewhere?
"
As if right on cue, PZ Myers has presented some remarks based on a comprehensive review
of eye evolution. You can find a link to it in this forum. Its currently the newest article on the
thumb.
Science Avenger · 21 December 2007
Zeratul · 21 December 2007
I'm wondering if ID, on the spirit of the season, will launch its step-by-step mechanism on Immaculate Copulation :-D
Walter S. · 10 January 2008
Despite all the usual assumptions, arguments, and explanations evolutionists have for the eye (since that is the subject of this article), I have yet to have one of these 'informed' souls fully and logically explain to me in a manner that is both understandable, logical, makes sense, and isn't chock full of other hypothoses and guesses, something about the eye.
And that something is this: if there never ever was such a thing as an eye (and apparently there wasn't in the original primitive organisms), first, how did these creatures know what an eye was? Second, how & why did they know they needed one or two, as the case may be, when there never was one before? Third, how did they come to 'develop' their eye(s) when there never ever was one before and they didn't know what it should look like and how it should function and where it/they should be placed?
Any takers? No one has satisfied my curiosity on this yet.
Bill Gascoyne · 10 January 2008
Oh, come off it, you don't want your curiosity satisfied, you want everyone to read your words and say, "Oh dear, I've been wrong all these years, hallelujah, praise Jeezus!"